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ANALYTICAL OUTLINES 



OF THE 



OLD TESTAMENT 



Compiled 

BY 

MARGARETTA M. HAIG 

A Hand-book for Bible Training Classes in Schools, 
Colleges, Sabbath Schools; also Individ- 
ual Students in the Home 




PHILADELPHIA: 

THE SUNDAY SCHOOL TIMES CO. 
1911 



Mi 



Copyright, 1911, by 
The Sunday School Times Company 



% . (TO 
GLA305207 



PREFACE 



This book is designed to supply the long felt need of large 
numbers of conscientious, devoted, faithful students and 
teachers, whose limited opportunities and time forbid the 
more thorough research necessary in teaching the Old Testa- 
ment. 

It affords, by its simple, consecutive, concise, and compre- 
hensive arrangements, all the essentials of Old Testament 
study. 

It is also adapted as an interesting text-book to the neces- 
sities of the " Forward Movement for Men," and the " Boy 
Scouts," by the appeals of history and prophecy. A pressing 
need of this age is a host of " minute men," equipped and 
trained in the use of God's Word, and filled with the accom- 
panying power, Ps. 19 : 7-1 1. 

The compiler, who, since April, 1 896, has been continuously 
engaged in Teacher Training in Philadelphia and elsewhere, 
and whose graduates are to be found in many parts of the 
United States, and one in mission work in China, has listened 
to the urgent requests of a number of these graduates to put 
the lessons as used in these classes in book form. This 
gratifying request has furnished the stimulus and inspira- 
tion for the completed book. 

The Plan (not original) : 

" Black thread T^ uin— The Fall. 
Scarlet thread h-x edemption — Blood of Christ. 
Golden thread JL Regeneration — Spirit of God." 

The Old Testament, like the cordage of the British Navy, 
has the scarlet thread of redemption, through the "Blood," 
running through it. To trace this line in Jehovah's "efforts 

(3) 



4 PREFACE 

of grace" is the purpose of this book. The history of the 
development of the nations has been so clearly given that, 
with the maps furnished in these pages, and maps drawn by 
members of classes at home and on the blackboard, a won- 
drously fascinating study has been arranged for. 

A clear knowledge, in compact, vivid form, of each book is 
given, with the history of the times ; the purpose of each book ; 
the relation of the books to each other, and the unity of the 
whole — the preparation of the world for Christ. 

Acknowledgment of valuable quotations are due to many 
writers. 

In the confident assurance that this " handbook " will 
enable you to prove the fascinating, permeating, uplifting 
power of the Word, it comes to you. " Study to show thyself 
approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be 
ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth," II Tim. 2: 15. 

1911. M. M. H. 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

The Pentateuch 1 1 

The Theocracy 38 

The Hebrew Monarchy 47 

Part I. The United Kingdom 47 

Part II. The Divided Kingdom 60 

The Captivity 103 

The Restoration Bra 114 

Between the (Xd and New Testaments 132 



Appendix 141 

5 



THE TEACHING OF THE LESSON 



The object of these lessons is to furnish the scholar with a 
broad, comprehensive, connected knowledge of the Holy 
Scriptures; they are in no sense intended to form an exhaus- 
tive analysis. The studies are usually taken up by those 
who wish to become teachers of the Bible, but, of course, are 
open to all who desire a better acquaintance with the Word. 

The first Sunday of each term is usually occupied with a 
lecture by the teacher, who sketches a broad outline of the 
prospective lessons and explains the method of study. Then 
the actual work is taken up by assigning to each scholar a 
portion of the lesson for the next Sabbath. The scholar is 
instructed to study the entire lesson carefully and be pre- 
pared to give an exposition of his particular part. At the 
next session of the class the scholars are called upon in the 
proper order for recitation. After each scholar has finished, 
or during the course of his remarks, the teacher elaborates 
on the exposition, if necessary, and presses home some practi- 
cal truth that may be contained in the text. The spiritual 
value of the lessons to the scholars themselves is never over- 
looked, but constantly brought to their attention. 

The method mentioned is varied by assigning the entire 
lesson to all scholars, and then calling on each one to analyze 
certain parts without previous knowledge on their part as to 
just what section they will be required to discuss. 

At proper times during the term reviews or examinations 
are held. These may be conducted in many ways. A popular 
method is to have each scholar bring in a certain number of 
questions on the portion of the work to be reviewed. Each 
question is on a separate slip of paper, and all these questions 
are turned upside down in the center of the study table and 

(7) 



8 THE TEACHING OF THE LESSON 

well shuffled. Each scholar then picks out a question in turn 
and endeavors to answer it, and so on until all the questions 
have been exhausted or the time has expired. If the ground 
is not thoroughly covered by the queries of the scholars, the 
teacher may interject a few in order to clear up the subject. 

Then, again, the teacher may supply the questions, which 
may be answered orally or in writing. Any approved method 
of conducting an examination may be employed in connec- 
tion with these lessons. 

Great emphasis is laid upon map work, for it is obvious that 
a clear understanding of history cannot be had without a 
knowledge of the geography of the country in which the events 
occurred ; therefore each scholar must be able to sketch a map 
of the scene of the events he is studying and locate the prin- 
cipal cities, physical features, etc. The blackboard is used in 
all lessons and is of great value. 

At some time during the term students are required to 
prepare an essay on some subject about which they have been 
studying. Each scholar is supplied with a different subject 
and limited in the number of words. Suitable titles for such 
papers will readily suggest themselves to teachers. 

The scheme outlined is very simple, and works out smoothly 
in actual practice. The young people sometimes falter at the 
beginning of the term when they see that it will be necessary 
for them to do something more than read over the lessons, 
but once they commence a careful study of the Scriptures and 
give their minds faithfully to the work, the power of the Word 
grasps them and leads them on and on, eager for the greater 
riches that lie hidden below the casual skimming of the pages. 

The classes are always opened with prayer by the teacher 
or one of the students, and at the close of each lesson the class 
motto is recited in concert: " Study to show thyself approved 
unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly 
dividing the word of truth," II Timothy 2: 15. 

Thomas D. Tuft, 

A Teacher in the Teacher-training 
Dep't of Bethlehem Pres. S. S. 



THE TEACHING OF THE LESSON 9 

Maps. — The use of the Rev. Milton S. Littlefield's historical 
series of sixteen outline political maps covering the whole 
Old Testament by periods is higlny recommended. "Theyshow 
the sweep of events by indicating the successive boundary lines 
of the countries mentioned, and the rise and fall of nations. 

" These maps are to be colored by the scholars themselves, 
according to a consistent color scheme, thus forming a pic- 
tured history of Israel, with the surrounding nations and 
influences at each period" — each nation in its own color 
through the series. 

Obtained for 1 cent each, or 60 cents per hundred, from 
the Rev. M. S. Littlefield, pastor of First Union Pres. Church, 
cor. 86th St. and Lexington Ave., New York City. 

M. M. H. 



TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 



THE PENTATEUCH 

"The Five-fold Book." The Law, the divinely given 
constitution of the Hebrew nation: Genesis, Exodus, Levit- 
icus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. 

Authorship. — Ascribed to Moses, the author or compiler, 
by all tradition; sustained by the record itself: Ex. 17: 14; 
24:4; 34:27; Numbers 33:2; Deut. 31:9-11, 24-27; Neh. 
8:1; John 1:45; 5:46; 7^9; Matt. 8:4; Luke 20:37. He 
availed himself of primeval documents and family records 
preserved by the patriarchs. 

Date. — B. C. 1498-1458. Desert of Arabia. 

GENESIS (Beginnings) 

God, the Great Promiser, 3: 15; I Peter 1: 4. 

Literary Structure. — Arranged by the author in chapters 
of his own. "These are the generations": (2:4) Heavens 
and earth; 5:1, Adam; 6:9, Noah; 10:1, sons of Noah; 
11: 10, Shem; 11:27, Terah; 25: 12, Ishmael; 25: 19, Isaac; 
36: 1, 9, Esau; 37: 2, Jacob. 

Keynote. — Promise, 3:15; 8:21, 22; 9:11-17; 12:1-3, 7; 
13: 15; 15: 18; 17:8. 

Contents. — Part I: Primeval history, chs. 1-11. Part II: 
Patriarchal history, chs. 12-50. 

Primeval History. — The Race as a Whole: Chs. 1-5, Adam; 
chs. 6-1 1, Noah. 

Patriarchal History. — The Family of Abraham : Chs. 12-23, 
Abraham; chs. 24-26, Isaac; chs. 27-36, Jacob; chs. 37-50, 
Joseph. 

Messianic. — Protevangelium, 3: 15. Note many others. 

Seven Beginnings of Genesis. — The Universe; Human Race; 
Sin; Redemption; Nations; Hebrew Race; Life of Faith. 

(ID 



12 



TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 



Parti: Primeval History, chs. i-ii. The dates of Arch- 
bishop Ussher for the Period of Primeval History are conve- 
nient for keeping the succession of events, but are not au- 
thoritative. In fact, the question of date is very uncertain, 
and is insoluble at present. 
God the Creator. — Ch. i: i. 

In the beginning, John i : i ; Heb. i : 10. God (" Elohim," 
power) created (Bara, out of nothing), Heb. 11:3. The word 
" create " is used only of the three points where science 
acknowledges it cannot penetrate, the creation of matter, v. 
1; of life, v. 21; of soul, v. 27, three times repeated. 

Creative Days. — Ch. 1, an inspired poem founded on facts. 
First: Day and Night — Primitive light. 
Second: Firmament — Separation of the clouds. 
Third: Earth and Seas — Vegetation; first form of life. 
Fourth: Firmament lights — Seasons, days, years. 
Fifth: Animal life in water and air. 

Sixth: Higher land animals — Creation of man: Council 
of Trinity, v. 26; In God's image, v. 27; "Body 
of dust of the ground"; Soul, "breathed into 
his nostrils the breath of life"; Man a living 
soul, 2:7. Dominion over the creatures, vs. 
28-30; Appointment of food. 
Seventh: Rested. Established the sabbath, ch. 2: 1-4. 
" The order of created things in Genesis is sub- 
stantially the order of geology and biology." 
Science confirms the first verse of the Bible — the 
origin of all material nature is a personal God. 
All parts of the universe are constructed on one 
plan and of the same materials. " Man's body 
consists of the very same elements as the soil 
which forms the crust of the earth." Man is 
" an immortal soul." 
4004. Eden. Ch. 2: The covenant of works, vs. 16, 17; 
formation of woman, vs. 18-25; marriage instituted. Ch. 3: 
Temptation and fall. Tempter Satan, II Cor. 11: 3, 1 Tim. 
2 : 4, I John 2:16. Consciousness of guilt; Loss of communion 
with God; Messianic prophecy, 3: 15; driven from Eden 



THE; PENTATEUCH 1 3 

(Asia Minor (?)); Cain (acquisition), Abel (breath, vapor). 
Ch. 4: Slaying of Abel, Heb. 11:4; 12 : 24. Cain cursed and 
protected. Enoch, the first city; Cain's descendants: Jabal, 
herdsman; Jubal, musician; Tubal-cain, handicraftsman. 
Birth of Seth, vs. 25, 26. 

2948. Generations of Adam through Seth (10) to Noah 
(ch. 5). Enoch, godliness and translation, v. 24. Noah, vs. 
28-32. Hero of faith, Heb. 11:7. Eminent saint, Ezek. 
14: 14-20. Preacher of righteousness, II Peter 2:5. 

2448. Intermarriage of Sethites and Cainites, ch. 6. 
Result. Crisis, 6:5, 6. Problem of the ages: to get rid of 
wickedness. Command to Noah. Ark — a sermon a century 
long. 

2348. The deluge. Duration, 40 days of rain; water 
prevailed 150 days, chs. 7, 8. Noah's first act, 8: 20. Cov- 
enant. 

2347. Mt. Ararat. New start for the race. Ch. 9: 
God's blessing. Dominion over the animals — new freedom 
in food (meat); blood forbidden; " shedder of man's blood," 
v. 6. God's covenant — the rainbow token. 

Generations of Noah. — Ch. 10: New start; world re- 
populated in three lines: 

Shem — Persia, Assyria, Chaldea, Lydia, Mesopotamia. 

Ham — Ethiopia, Egypt, Libya, Canaan. 

Japheth — Europe, India, Persia, Northern Asia Minor, 
Great Oriental Empires, vs. 8-20. Ham, Nimrod. 

Shem — From him were derived the Jews and other Semitic 
races. 

Ham — The ancestor of the colored race. 

Japheth — Among whose descendants are the European 
nations. 

2247. Babel. Confusion of tongues, ch. 11: 1-9. The 
dispersion. 

" They early went as widely apart as Chaldea and Egypt, 
working out the problems of government and civilization in 
many independent ways." 

The diversity of language gave the opportunity for many 
different developments of civilization and language, so that 



14 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

finally there will come one language that shall include the 
best things in all. 

Generations of Noah to Abram (10), vs. 10-26. 

1928. 1 Part II: Patriarchal History. — Jehovah's new plan. 

2003. Ur. Birthplace. " Ur of the Chaldees." " The 
ruins of this city, called Mugheir, are six miles west of the 
Euphrates, near where it is connected with the Tigris, about 
120 miles above its entrance into the Persian Gulf (in Abram 's 
time on the Gulf), and 120 miles southeast of Babylon." 
" A great city, the political and religious center of the greatest 
empire of the Orient." There was no little literary activity 
in this region before Abraham's time (literature, culture, 
schools, teachers, libraries, books, and learning). 

Hammurabi (Amraphel, of Gen. 14) was a mighty king of 
Babylonia in Abraham's time. His capital became a home 
of scholars whose influence was far-reaching. " His reign 
may be called the Augustan age of Babylonian literature." 

First Theophany, ch. 12: 1-3; 11:31; Acts 7:2, 3. Obeyed, 
Heb. 11:8. 

" Come into the land which I shall shew thee." Seven 
promises. 

Haran. Terah died, 11:32. Into the land of Canaan. 
(Make maps and trace journeys.) Canaanite in the land. 

1928. Moreh. Second Theophany, ch. 12:7. " Unto thy 
seed will I give this land." Builded an altar. 

I927(?). Famine. Journeyed southward to Egypt (which 
had already attained a high civilization) . Rebuked by Pha- 
raoh. Return to Canaan — rich. 

Bethel-Hai. Place of the altar, called on the name of the 
Lord (ch. 13). Separation of Abram and Lot. Choice of Lot. 

1 (From this point (Patriarchal History), through these 
entire studies, the dates are given according to Professor 
Willis J. Beecher, in his " Dated Events of the Old Tes- 
tament.") Beginning of the Jewish race and religion; the 
family of Abraham. Abraham, the Friend of God, Gen. 
18:17; Isa. 41:7; II Chron. 20:7; Jas. 2:23. Ancestry, 
ch. 11: 27-32. 



THE: PENTATEUCH 1 5 

1924. Third Theophany, ch. 13:14-17. "All the land 
which thou seest, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed for 
ever." Symbol, " dust " — thy seed as the dust of the earth. 

1921. Mamre. Built an altar unto the Lord. Battle 
of four kings against five kings, ch. 14. Lot a captive. 

Dan. Pursuit of Abram with 318 servants. Victorious. 
Lot rescued. 

Salem. Melchizedek blessed Abram. Abram paid tithes, 
Heb. 7: 1; 5:6; 7:4; Psa. no: 4. King of Sodom, vs. 21-24. 
(Babylonian clay tablets have been found on which are named 
Chedorlaomer, and the kings associated with him.) 

1920. Mamre. Fourth Theophany, ch. 15: 1. Four strik- 
ing passages. " The word of the Lord came . . . fear not. . . 
I am thy shield." Believed. " After these things." Nearly 
all the eight repetitions of the promises, each larger and fuller 
than the earlier ones, were given after some great struggle 
and victory. Symbol, " stars ": " So shall thy seed be." 

Justifying Faith, v. 6; Rom. 4: 3, 9, 22; Jas. 2: 23. 

The Covenant of Blood, vs. 7-17. Levitical sacrifices fore- 
shadowed. A deep sleep. " An horror of great darkness." 
Revelation of the bondage in Egypt. Boundaries of pos- 
session. Length of the "stranger" period (Exod. 12:40; 
Gal. 3 : 17), 430 years. I Kings 6:1: From the Exodus to the 
building of the Temple, 1012 B. C. — 480 years. 

Abraham's Jacob comes Exodus Temple 

call into Egypt 

215 years 215 years 480 years 



B. C. 1928 1713 1498 1012 

1919. Mamre. Hagar the Egyptian, ch. 16. Flight. 
Prophecy of Ishmael (God shall hear). " Thou God seest 
me." Beer-lahai-roi, " The well of him that liveth and seeth 
me." Birth of Ishmael. Abram's age, vs. 3, 16. Next 
thirteen years, " waiting years." 

1904. Mamre. Fifth Theophany, ch. 17: 1. Father of 
many nations. Symbols. Changed names, vs. 5, 15. Cir- 



1 6 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

cumcision, vs. 9-14. Sarai — " Sarah shall her name be." 
The letter " h," chief letter of the word Jehovah, added to 
their names — God Himself was in the promise. Sarah 
blessed, " a son also of her," " a mother of nations; kings of 
people shall be of her" (Gal. 4:31). Isaac, heir of the 
covenant. Abraham's age. 

Sixth Theophany, ch. 18: 1-15. " At the time appointed 
Sarah shall have a son." Is anything too hard for 
the Lord? . . . Abraham entertains three angels, Heb. 
13:2. The friend of God, v. 17; Psa. 25:14; Amos 3:7; 
John 15: 15. Coming destruction of Sodom revealed. Abra- 
ham's intercession. Sodom's slimepits (14: 10) were a fitting 
expression of the character of the Sodomites. The one 
deadly enemy to a country is unrighteousness. 

The escape of Lot, ch. 19; II Peter 2: 7, 8 (I Cor. 3: 12-15). 
Destruction of the cities of the plain. God remembered 
Abraham. Origin of Moab and Ammon. 

Note. — " Two elements were engaged in the destruction of 
Sodom, the fire from heaven and the inflammable materials 
of the city and the soil on which it was built* The whole 
region abounds, in a peculiar manner, with bitumen, sulphur, 
and salt." 

Gerar. Deceit of Abraham and Sarah, ch. 20. Punish- 
ment of Abimelech. His rebuke. Abraham's prayer and 
answer. 

1903. Gerar. Birth of Isaac, ch. 21. A miracle, Rom. 
4: 17-22; Heb. 11: 11. 

Seventh Theophany, v. 12. "In Isaac shall thy seed be 
called," Rom. 9:7, 8. Abraham 100 years old, v. 5. Hagar 
and Ishmael cast forth. 

1 901. The angel of God comforted her. An allegory, 
Gal. 4: 22-31. 

1900. Beersheba. " The well of the oath." Covenant 
between Abraham and Abimelech. Planted a grove, " called 
there on the name of the Lord, the everlasting God." So- 
journed. 

1879. Beersheba. Eighth Theophany. Supreme test of 
Abraham's faith, ch. 22; I Peter 1: 7. The land of Moriah. 



THE PENTATEUCH 1 7 

(The mountainous portion of Jerusalem, of which the hill 
Moriah, on which the temple was built, was a prominent part.) 
His faith, Heb. 11:13-20. " Jehovah- jireh." Summit of 
Divine revelation — God's oaths, v. 16; Heb. 6: 13, 14. Re- 
newal of covenant. Signs. Dwelt at Beersheba. Teaching, 
Rom. 8: 32; John 1 : 29. 

1866. Hebron. Death of Sarah — age, ch. 23. Purchase 
of the cave of Machpelah (first record in history of the use of 
money). Burial. 

1865. A beautiful idyl of the olden time, ch. 24. Abraham 
swears his servant. The journey. 

Mesopotamia. Rebekah. Laban. " I will go." Meets Isaac. 

1864. Lahai-roi. Marriage of Isaac and Rebekah. Ket- 
urah and her descendants, ch. 25. Isaac, heir. 

1828. Near Hebron. Death of Abraham, Heb. 11: 13-16. 
Age. Buried by Isaac and Ishmael. Generations of Ish- 
mael, vs. 12-18. Death, vs. 17, 18. Generations of Isaac, 
v. 19 ff. 

1844. Lahai-roi. Birth of Ksau and Jacob, v. 23; Rom. 
9: 6-13. Parental partiality. 

i827(?). Birthright sold, Heb. 12: 16. 

1826. Gerar. First Theophany to Isaac, ch. 26: 2-5. 
Sojourn in this land. Renewal of the covenant. Deceit of 
Isaac. Grows rich. Story of the wells. Isaac the peace- 
maker. 

Beersheba. Second Theophany, v. 24. " Fear not." 
Builded an altar there. Covenant of Abimelech and Isaac. 
The well of the oath (Beersheba). Esau's heathen wives. 

1784. Beersheba. Jacob gains the birthright by fraud, 
ch. 27. Esau's blessing, vs. 39, 40. The after-history of 
Edom and Israel. The fruits, hatred, banishment. Jacob's 
flight to Padan-aram, ch. 28. 

1783. Bethel. First Theophany to Jacob, vs. 13-15. 
Renewal of covenant and promise. Altar of pillow of stone. 
Vow. (Make maps and trace all journeys for clearer knowl- 
edge.) A journey of 500 miles into " the land of the people 
of the east," ch. 29. Well of Haran. Meeting of Rachel and 
Jacob. Seven years of service. 
2 



1 8 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

1782. Padan-Aram. Deceit of Laban. Leah and Rachel 
wives. Seven years' service for Rachel. Jacob loved 
Rachel more than Leah, 29:30. Birth of Reuben, Simeon, 
Levi, Judah (Leah's sons), vs. 32-35. Dan, Naphtali (Bil- 
hah's sons); Gad, Asher (Zilpah's sons); Issachar, Zebulon 
(Leah's sons); Joseph (Rachel's son), ch. 30. 

Padan-Aram. Seven years more of service for cattle. 
Jacob's cattle. 

Second Theophany to Jacob. " Return unto the land of 
thy fathers. ... I will be with thee," ch. 31 : 3, 13. 

1747. The departure. Laban's pursuit. Warned of God. 

Mt. of Gilead. Altercation. Covenant. Mizpah. 

Mahanaim. The angels of God, ch. 32. Messengers to 
Esau — their report. Jacob's fear and prayer. Present to 
Esau. The spiritual crisis in Jacob's life. 

Peniel. " Face to face " with God. 

Third Theophany to Jacob. Wrestling with God. Jacob 
becomes Israel. 

Brook Jabbok. The reconciliation, ch. 33. Esau returned 
to Mt. Seir. 

Shechem. Buys a field — builds an altar. God's Beth-el 
promise was fulfilled: "I will bring thee again into this 
land." 

Sin of Shechem. Vengeance of Simeon and Levi, ch. 34. 

God commanded him to fulfil his vow (made thirty-six 
years before at Beth-el), ch. 35: 1. Purifies his household. 
Journeyed toward Beth-el. Built there an altar — El-beth-el. 

Beth-el. Fourth Theophany to Jacob. Covenant re- 
affirmed, vs. 9-15. Commemoration — pillar of stone — oil. 

Bethlehem. Benjamin (twelfth son) born. Death of Rachel. 
" Benoni " (" son of my sorrow "). Burial. 

Mamre. Joseph, the beloved, ch. 37. Coat. Dreams. 
Jealousy of brethren. 

1736. Dothan. Sold into Egypt. Deceit of brethren. 
Jacob's great sorrow. Story of Tamar, ch. 38. Son, Pharez. 

The Israelites needed the removal and residence in Egypt. 
" At this time Israel had neither possessions nor family 
alliances in Canaan. They would soon have sought both; 



THE PENTATEUCH 1 9 

and the character already manifested by Jacob's sons aug- 
ured ill for their preserving either purity or piety among the 
Canaanites " (Smith). 

" By contact with a highly civilized people they received an 
education in arts, and a discipline by law and government, 
such as there was little prospect of their receiving in Canaan." 

Hgypt was at this time the most flourishing kingdom the 
world had ever known. Heliopolis, called also On, situated 
near the head of the Delta of the Nile, was the most ancient 
capital of Egypt. 

^35' Egypt. Joseph in Potiphar's house, ch. 39. Falsely 
accused and cast into prison. Butler's and baker's dreams, 
ch. 40. Joseph, the interpreter. The Lord was with Joseph, 
ch. 39: 3, 21, 23. 

1724. Mamre. Death of Isaac. Esau and Jacob buried 
him, ch. 35: 27-29. 

1723. Egypt. Pharaoh's dreams. Joseph interprets, ch. 
41 . Gives counsel. His exaltation; ruler in Egypt. Glorifies 
God. Zaphnath-paaneah (Egyptian name). Asenath, his 
wife. Sons: Manasseh (" forgetting "), Ephraim (" fruit- 
ful "). 

1716. Commencement of seven years of famine. All 
countries bought of Egypt. 

1715. Egypt. Arrival of his ten brethren, ch. 42. (Note 
vs. 9, 18, 21. Reuben 37:21, 22, 29.) Simeon kept for a 
pledge. 

Mamre. Journeyed home. Restored money found. 

Report to Jacob — his sorrow, vs. 36, 38. Famine sore in the 
land, ch. 43. 

Egypt. Judah's promise. Their return. Joseph's banquet. 
" The silver cup." Pursuit. Discovery of cup. Return. 
Judah's speech (a literary gem), 44: 18-34. 

Joseph's disclosure of himself, ch. 45 : 1-4. Explanation of 
Providence. " God did send me before you to preserve life," 
vs. 5-8. Sends for his father, vs. 9-13. The reunited brothers, 
vs. 14, 15; ch. 50: 15-21. Pharaoh's commendation. Jacob 
overwhelmed. 

1715. The descent of Jacob into Egypt, ch. 46: 1-7. 



20 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Beersheba. Fifth Theophany to Jacob. " Fear not to go 
down into Egypt ; for I will there make of thee a great nation. 
I will go down with thee. ... I will also surely bring thee 
up again." " All the souls," vs. 26, 27. 

Goshen. Joseph's tender love for his father, vs. 28-30. 
Presented unto Pharaoh, ch. 47: 1-10. Settlement of Jacob 
and his family in Egypt, vs 11, 12. Dwelt apart and only 
" to sojourn in the land." Joseph's famine policy, vs. 13-26, 
v. 25. The last days of Jacob in Egypt, vs. 28-31. " Bury 
me not ... in Egypt." Oath of Joseph. Jacob's testi- 
mony to the goodness of God, ch. 48: 3, 11, 15, 16. Blesses 
Joseph's sons — " they shall be mine," vs. 5 ; 13-20. Prophesies 
return to Canaan. Joseph's portion. Blessing of Israel to 
twelve sons. Messianic blessing to Judah, ch. 49: 10; Heb. 
7: 14. Charge as to burial, Heb. 11: 21. 

1698. Death, v. 33. Embalmed, ch. 50. Days of mourn- 
ing, forty. Solemn funeral procession to Hebron. Buried in 
the cave of Machpelah. 

Fear of brethren. Joseph's noble reply. Joseph's charge 
and oath of brethren. Assurance concerning the future, v. 24. 

1643. Death of Joseph. Embalmed. 

EXODUS (The Departure) 

God, the Great Performer. 

Author. — Moses, Ex. 24: 4; Mark 12: 26; Luke 20: 37. 

" Conservative scholars have proved that the central por- 
tions, at least, were written by Moses, though he doubtless 
made use of documents still more ancient. Its accuracy has 
been confirmed by excavations and explorations in Egypt, 
Chaldea, and the desert. Nothing in the archaeological dis- 
coveries of recent years tends to discredit it." 

Date. — Unknown (1498-145 8). 

Language. — Hebrew. 

Divisions. — 

(1) Chapters 1-18, Historical — the departure from 
Egypt. Keynote, ch. 6: 1-8. 

(2) Chapters 19-40, Legislative and Institutional: 



THE PENTATEUCH 21 

Jehovah's national covenant. The giving of the law at Sinai. 
Keynote, ch. 19: 1-6. 

A book of wonders, full of the supernatural. " Preeminently 
the book of God." Jehovah, the covenant-keeping God, the 
Great Performer. 

Themes. — (a) The Sovereignty of Jehovah, (b) Jehovah as 
Sovereign. 

Headings. — Israel in Egypt, ch. 1-12. From Egypt to 
Sinai, ch. 12:37; 19:2. Transactions at Sinai, ch. 19:2; 
40:38. 

PART I. HISTORICAL (Chs. 1-18) 
I. Israel in Egypt. — B. C. 1715-1498 

1643. Death of Joseph (days of peaceful protection), 
Gen. 50: 15-26. Expansion of Jacob's family into a nation, 
Ex. 1 : 1-7. Israel's bondage in Egypt, 1 : 8-22. Duration, 
Gen. 15 : 13, 14; Ex. 12 : 40, 41 ; Gal. 3:17. 

Pharaoh of the Oppression — Rameses II. His mummy was 
discovered in 1881 A. D. at Thebes. Builder of treasure 
cities when Moses was the adopted son. 

Pharaoh of the Exodus — Merneptah, nineteenth dynasty. 
This dynasty was the most splendid of all Egyptian history: 
great military conquests, great public buildings — an age of 
art, learning, and religion. " The crushing process was the 
beginning of a nation-making that was to bless all nations." 

Moses (B. C. 1578-1459). — Birth, childhood, and education, 
Exodus 2: 1-15. 

Training in a Hebrew home and an Egyptian court. " Egypt 
then had two great universities at Heliopolis and Hermopolis. 
Moses is said to have studied at the former, twenty miles 
north of Memphis. It was ' the Oxford of Ancient Egypt ' " 
(Geikie). The library at Thebes, built by Rameses II, 
contained 20,000 books. 

Military Life. — Acts 7: 22. Moses' choice, Heb. 11: 24-27. 

1539. Midian. Southeastern part of Sinaitic peninsula, 
Exod. 2: 15-22. The Israelites' cry, vs. 24, 25. " God heard 
. . . remembered his covenant . . . looked . . . had re- 
spect." 



22 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

1500. Horeb. " Mt. of God." Also called Sinai, 3: 1-22. 

The call of Moses. The burning bush, vs. 1-6. Called to 
be the deliverer, vs. 7-10. 

His objections — God's answers. His insignificance — God's 
presence and purpose. The people's idolatry. Name of the 
One God. The people's incredulity, 4: 1-9. Gift of miracu- 
lous power. Slowness of speech, 4: 10-16. Aaron. God's 
token to Moses, 3:12. The Name of the One God, vs. 13, 14. 
(Manifested character of God.) God's message to Israel, vs. 
15-22. 

Moses warned that Pharaoh would not accede without a 
struggle. Moses receives the gift of miraculous power, 4: 1-9. 
His slowness of speech. Aaron, his spokesman, vs. 10-17. 

God's Message to Pharaoh (4: 21-23): " Israel is my son, 
even my firstborn : And I say ... if thou refuse . . . 
behold, I will slay thy son, even thy firstborn." Meeting of 
Moses and Aaron, v. 27. Conference with the elders, vs. 29-31. 

Struggle with Pharaoh. — Infliction of the plagues. First 
demand upon Pharaoh, a request that Israel should go three 
days' journey into the desert to sacrifice unto Jehovah. 
Pharaoh's refusal. Bricks without straw, ch. 5: 1-19. 
Darkest hour just before dawn. Israel's cry. Moses' com- 
plaint to God, vs. 20-23. By his name — JEHOVAH, ch. 6. 
He renews his promise, 1-13. (Memorize vs. 6-8.) Israel's 
anguish of spirit. Hearkens not. Moses again sent to 
Pharaoh, vs. 28-30. God's sovereignty vs. gods of Egypt. 

"Out of Egypt did I call my son," Exod. 4:22, 23; 
Matt. 2:15; Hos. 11: 1. "Bring forth . . . my people 
by great judgments," 7:4. " Egyptians shall know that I am 
the Lord," v. 5. 

"In this thou shalt know that I am the Lord," 7:17. 
" May est know that I am the Lord in the midst of the earth," 
8: 22. " This was a challenge to the Egyptian religion, which 
was a spiritualized nature worship centering about the sun 
and the river Nile, two sources of life. A vast number of 
deities were adored. They represented the forces and 
phenomena of nature " (Davis, " Bible Dictionary "). A 
series of death-strokes to Egyptian idolatry (beast worship, 



THE PENTATEUCH 



23 



water worship, sun worship, worship of the elements) by the 
Lord of life and death. 

Age of Moses and Aaron, ch. 7 : 6, 7. Aaron's rod. Miracle 
in Pharaoh's presence, 7: 8-13. 

The Plagues, ch. 7: 15-12:29. (Study the nature of each; 
the references to the magicians; their failure; acknowledge 
"the finger of God," 8:19; their withdrawal, 9:11.) The 
effect upon the Egyptians, 9:20, 21; 10:7; 11:3, 8; 12:33. 
The effect upon Pharaoh. 

r Water turned to blood, ch. 7: 15-25. 
Frogs, 8: 1-15. Pharaoh, vs. 8, 15. 
Lice, 8: 16-19. Magicians fail, v. 19. 
Flies, 8: 20-32. Goshen exempt, v. 22. Phar- 
aoh vacillates. 
r Murrain of beasts, 9: 1-7. Goshen exempt, vs. 

\, 7- 

Boils, 9: 8-12. Magicians withdraw. 
Hail, 9: 13-35. Goshen exempt, v. 26. Phar- 
aoh confesses sin, vs. 27-30. 



June to 
October: 



December 
to 

February: 



March: 



April: 



Locusts, 10: 1-20. Pharaoh's servants join in 
Moses' demands, v. 7. Pharaoh inclined to 
let them go, v. 8. Confesses sin, vs. 16-18. 
Darkness, 10: 21-29. Light in Israel, vs. 2, 3. 
Pharaoh's compromise (keeping back flocks 
and herds). Moses rejects. Pharaoh's wrath, 
vs. 27-29. Jehovah's directions as to final 
plague, 11 : 1-10. 
Institution of 'the Passover, 12: 1-28; 42-51. The beginning 
of the year changed. 

The Passover: (1) Time. (2) Selection of the lamb. 
(3) Size of the household. (4) Time of slaying the lamb. 
(5) The blood. (6) Time and manner of eating. (7) Deliver- 
ance by the blood. (8) An everlasting " memorial." Proph- 
ecy of Christ. Eating unleavened bread. Days of convoca- 
tion, vs. 15-20. 

Destruction of the First-born, v. 29. Distress and terror, v. 3. 
The Great Deliverance — Driven out of Egypt; spoil the 
Egyptians, vs. 31-36. 



24 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

II. From Egypt to Sinai. — B. C. 1498, March-April 

Succoth, ch. 12:37. Place of rendezvous; number of 
armed men; mixed multitude (representing a host of two 
millions). Hurried departure, v. 39. Length of sojourn 
in Egypt, ch. 12: 40-51. Importance of the deliverance. 

Sanctification of the First-born, 13: 1, 2. Memorial of the 
Passover commanded, vs. 3-10. Joseph's commandment 
concerning his bones (Gen. 50: 25; Heb. 11: 22) not forgotten, 
13: 19. 

Chosen Route, vs. 17, 18. Why the Israelites were turned 
from the direct route to the circuitous, long, and painful 
route through the Sinaitic peninsula, Deut. 8:2; 32: 10, 11; 
Ps. 107: 7. 

(1) They were unprepared for war with the Philistines on 
the southern border of Canaan, 13: 17. 

(2) The Wall Road— " the way to Shur " (Gen. 16:7), a 
long stretch of desert. It would require a continuous miracle 
to sustain the people and their flocks. 

(3) The Red Sea Road, 13: 18. Their need of long disci- 
pline before they could conquer the Canaanites. Needed to 
be a trained nation. 

Etham. Divine guidance. Pillar of cloud and of fire, 
13: 20-22. 

Pi-hahiroth, 14: 1-4. Pharaoh's pursuit, vs. 5-9. Israel- 
ites alarmed and murmur, vs. 10-12. Moses' reassurance, 
vs. 13, 14. God instructs him, vs. 15-18. Removal of the 
cloud behind the camp, vs. 19, 20. The Miraculous Passage, 
vs. 21, 22. Destruction of Egyptians, vs. 23-31. Song of 
Thanksgiving, 15: 1-2 1. First National Hymn in Scripture, 
vs. 2, 6, 7, 11, 13, 17, 18. 

Wilderness of Shur. Three days, v. 22. Marah (" bitter 
waters"), vs. 23-26. Elim, wells of water and palm groves, v. 27. 

Wilderness of Sin, 16: 1-3 1. Hunger — manna. True 
bread from Heaven, Jno. 6. Pot of manna laid up before the 
Lord, 32-36; Heb. 9: 4. 

Rephidim, 17: 1-7. Lack of water — miraculous supply. 
Amalek (vs. 8-16), descendants of Esau. First battle with 



THE PENTATEUCH 25 

a hostile nation. Amalek doomed by Jehovah to ultimate 
extinction for this. savage treachery, v. 14. Jehovah-Nissi, 
vs. 15, 16. Moses' altar. Jethro, 18: 1-12; 2: 18; 18: 1. 

Third month: Arrival at Sinai, 19: 1,2 (150 miles from Red 
Sea crossing). 

Transactions at Sinai — the central point of the entire 
Pentateuch. 

PART II. LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL 

(Chs. 19-40) 

Keynote, ch. 19: 1-6. Jehovah's national covenant. 
(Memorize vs. 3-6.) People's oath of allegiance, vs. 7-9. 

Preparation of the people for the giving of the law, vs. 
10-15. (Fifty days after the Institution of the Passover.) 
Sublime terrors, vs. 16-25; Heb. 12: 21. Fearful presence of 
God. The covenant of the Ten Words, ch. 20: 1-17. The 
great cornerstone of the world's law. Religion, vs. 1-11. 
Duties to God. Morals, 12-17. Duties to man. Idolatry 
forbidden, v. 22. Altar of earth, vs. 24-26. 

The Book of the Covenant, chs. 21-24: 7. Sabbath, 23: 12. 
Annual feasts, 23: 14-19. An angel promised, 23: 20. Ratifi- 
cation of the covenant, ch. 24: 4-6. Sealed with the blood 
of the sacrifices, Heb. 9: 18, 19. Vision of God, 24:9-11. 
(Memorize.) Moses called up into the mount, Heb. 12: 29. 

Directions for the Tabernacle, chs. 25-31. 

The great apostasy (the golden calf), ch. 32: 1-6. The 
offended Jehovah, vs. 7-14. His offer to Moses, v. 10. Moses' 
wonderful prayer. Three pleas for mercy, vs. 1 1-14. (Mem- 
orize.) The wrathful prophet, vs. 15-19. Breaks the tables 
of stone — a visible expression of the fact that they had repudi- 
ated the covenant. Destroys calf, etc., v. 20. Aaron's weak 
excuse, vs. 21-24. Their punishment, vs. 26-29. Sublime 
self-devotion, intercession, forgiveness, vs. 30-35. Jehovah 
threatens to withdraw personally, ch. 33: 1-3. The tempor- 
ary tabernacle taken out of the camp by Moses, vs. 7-10. 
Mediation of Moses, vs. 12-18. Result, vs. 14, 17. Tables 
renewed, ch. 34: 1-4. Name of the Lord proclaimed, vs. 5-7. 



26 



T3ACHKR-TRAXNING STUDIES 



(Memorize.) Entreats God to go with them, vs. 8, 9. The 
covenant renewed, vs. 10-28. (Memorize v. 10.) Shining 
of Moses' face, vs. 29-35; 2 Cor. 3: 7, 13, 16. 

THE TABERNACLE 

The shadow of heavenly things, Heb. 8:5. The pattern 
of things in the heavens, etc., Heb. 9:23; Ex. 25-28:43; 
36: 1-39 : 43- 

Tent of meeting {tabernaculum, a tent). 

Meeting-place of Jeho- 
vah, 25:8; 29:43, 46; 
Rev. 21: 3. 

Immanuel (" God with 
us "), Matt. 1 : 23; John 1 : 
14. 

Typical of Christ, Heb. 
8:2; 9:2. In heaven, 
Rev. 15:5- 

Our bodies, II Cor. 5:1; 
II Peter 1: 13. 

Directions given (B. C. 
1498, third to seventh 
month) . 

Pattern Divine, ch. 25: 
9, 40; 26:30; 27:8; Heb. 
8:5. Christ, our Ex- 
ample, I Peter 2:21-25. 

Preparations (B. C. 
1498. Seventh month). 

Offerings, ch. 25 : 3-7. 
The sum, ch. 38:21-31. 

Givers (willing), ch. 25: 
2; 35:5, 21, 22-29; 36:5- 
7. " Value of the gold and 
silver gifts alone more 
than $1,000,000" (Eder- 
sheim) . Artificers and 
workmen, ch. 31: 1-6; 35:30-35; 36: 1-4. (Study the size, 




THE PENTATEUCH 27 

form, various parts, and contents: the use and the spiritual 
meaning of each.) 

The Court, ch. 27: 9-19; 38: 9-20. One hundred and fifty- 
feet long, seventy-five feet wide, seven and a half feet high. 
Enclosed by a screen of pillars and linen curtains. 

Pillars (60), seven and a half feet high, set in bronze sockets, 
and firmly held together by silver rods (?) or cords fastened to 
bronze pins in the ground. 

Curtains (5). The entrance (east end) was distinguished 
by a handsome hanging, thirty feet wide, " of blue, and purple 
[crimson], and scarlet, and fine twined linen, wrought with 
needlework." No Gentile was admitted. Separation from 
worldliness. " We cannot come to the throne of God, save 
through the outer court, and through the sanctuary. Sacri- 
fice and cleansing, illumination and communion; then for 
those who can receive it, the open vision and the Presence of 
God," Heb. 10: 19-22. " From the camp to the priests' 
square ; then to the court of the tabernacle — to the Holy Place 
—to the Holy of Holies." 

Tabernacle and Priesthood — types of Christ, Heb. 9, 10. 

Brazen Altar, ch. 27:1-8; 40:6, 29. Burnt offering. 
Acacia protected from fire by bronze. Seven and a half feet 
high; hollow; a grating half way up for fire. Corners were 
horns. Four rings through which staves were passed for 
carrying. Utensils. " Christ putting away sin, by the sacri- 
fice of Himself," Heb. 9: 26; 10: 10. 

Laver, ch. 30: 18-21; 38: 8; 40: 7; 30-32. Huge urn rising 
from a pedestal. Cleansing, Heb. 10:22. ("Wash me 
and I shall be whiter than snow." The blood of Christ, Heb. 
9: 14. " The blood of the Lamb," Rev. 7: 14.) 

The Tent — " the dwelling-place of Jehovah," ch. 26: 15-30. 
Its position was in the middle of the western or back end of the 
court. Its form and size, thirty cubits (forty-five feet) long, 
by ten cubits (fifteen feet) wide. 

Walls — Boards (48), fifteen feet high and twenty-seven 
inches wide, held together by three series of rods. Each 
board was set, by tenon and mortise, in two silver sockets 
sunk in the ground. The latter weighed a talent each (more 



28 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

than eighty pounds). The foundation alone cost about one- 
sixth of a million dollars. (" Christ, the Foundation.") 

Coverings, ch. 26: 1-14. Inside, a curtain of fine linen, blue 
and purple (crimson), and scarlet, woven with figures of 
cherubim. Outside, a double covering of rams' skins dyed 
red, and the skins of seals and porpoises. On the East there 
were no boards; the opening into the court was hung with 
tapestry portieres. 

Divisions, ch. 26: 31-33. " The vail," a curtain hung from 
four pillars, divided the inner space into two apartments. 

(1) The Holy Place, Heb. 9:2, 6. The outer, toward the 
entrance, was an oblong, ten cubits by twenty, where a priest 
entered daily to serve the table, the altar of incense, and the 
candlestick, Heb. 9:2. 

(a) Golden Candlestick, ch. 25:31-39; 26:35; 40:24, 25. 
Beaten into shape from a talent of pure gold, worth $28,000. 
It stood on the south side. It was the only light. (" Christ, 
the Light of the World.") Seven lamps (perfect number), 
lighted at evening (ch. 27: 21; 30: 7, 8) by the high priest, 
and burned all night. (Christ in the midst of the seven 
candlesticks, Rev. 1: 12, 13. " Not by might, nor by power, 
but by my Spirit saith the Lord.") Oil, ch. 27:20, 21. 
Lev. 24: 1-4. 

(b) Table of Shewbread, ch. 26: 35; 40: 22, 23; Lev. 24: 5-9. 
Gold-plated table, three feet long, eighteen inches broad, and 
twenty-seven inches high. It stood on the north side. On 
it were placed the twelve loaves of bread in two golden dishes. 
(The consecration of secular life. Prophecy of the Lord's 
Supper.) 

(c) Altar of Incense, ch. 30: 1-10, 34-38. Acacia wood over- 
laid with gold, one-half yard square and a yard high. Horns 
at the corners. Raised edge around the top, and two golden 
rings for the staves, by which it was carried. It was placed 
directly opposite to the ark, though on the other side of "the 
vail." (Symbol for prayer. Christ, our Great Intercessor.) 

(2) The Most Holy Place — Holy of Holies, ch. 25: 10-16; 
Heb. 9: 3-5. The inner (apartment), toward the west, was a 
perfect cube, ten cubits (fifteen feet) each way (cube, 3, 



THE PENTATEUCH 29 

God's number). Entered only by the high priest, and by 
him only once a year, Heb. 9: 7-12, 24. It contained the ark. 

The Ark of the Covenant, ch. 25:22. A chest of shittim 
wood, overlaid with gold within and without; three feet nine 
inches long, two feet three inches broad and deep. About 
its upper edge was a rim of gold, to hold in place the lid, which 
was of solid gold. (The estimated value of this lid was 
$125,000.) (" This was the central object of the tabernacle, 
because above it, between the cherubim, flamed forth the 
visible Presence of God, the mysterious Shekinah.") 

The Mercy Seat, ch. 25: 17-22; Heb. 9: 5. Over it was the 
mercy seat of gold, upon which were the cherubim, of one piece 
with the mercy seat, of pure gold, beaten work. 

Contents of the Ark, ch. 25: 21; 31: 18; Heb. 9: 4. Tables of 
testimony, pot of manna, ch. 16:32-34. Aaron's rod that 
budded. Vail, described before, ch. 26:31-33. (God's 
mercy through Christ Jesus. Forgiveness of sins. The priest- 
hood. Aaron and his sons set apart, ch. 29: 1-44. Con- 
secration.) 

Holy Garments, ch. 28:2-4; Colossians 3:12-14; Rom. 
13: 14. (1) Linen tunic, worn underneath all; (2) under 
girdle; (3) outer robe of blue; around the hem were bells and 
pomegranates, the bells ringing with his every movement, 
warning of his approach, that he might avoid ceremonial 
defilement, and allowing the people to follow their represen- 
tative with the ear as he passed into the dread Holy of Holies ; 
(4) the ephod, or waistcoat, of gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and 
fine linen, bearing on his shoulders two pieces of onyx, set in 
gold, each engraved with the names of half the tribes, showing 
that the high priest represented the entire nation; (5) the 
" curious girdle of the ephod," which fastened together the 
front and back pieces, many-colored and gold wrought; (6) 
the breastplate, a nine-inch square of linen, upon which shone 
twelve different gems, each engraved with the name of one 
of the tribes: Aaron thus bearing the nation on his heart; 
(7) the mysterious Urim and Thummim, unknown objects 
placed in the pocket of the breastplate, and used in a way, 
unknown to us, to learn the will of God; (8) the mitre, a white 



30 teacher-Training studies 

linen turban, bearing on its front, attached by a blue cord, the 
climax of it all (9), the gold plate which was inscribed with 
the key- words of religion, " Holiness to the Lord." 

Holy Oil. — The anointing, ch. 30: 23-25; 40: 9-13. (Christ, 
" the Anointed One," our High Priest, Heb. chs. 7-10.) 

1497. The tabernacle reared up, ch. 40: 17-33; Heb. 9:19- 
23, 24-28; 10:11-25. Accepted, ch. 40:34-38. "Divine 
glory rests upon the tabernacle." 

LEVITICUS (The Great Saviour) 

" I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, 
that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable 
unto God, which is your reasonable service," Rom. 12:1; 
II Peter 2 : 9. 

Leviticus (Gr. Leviticon), " concerning the Levites." 

The directory of worship of the Hebrews, given by Jehovah 
himself, the Saviour, from the Divine Presence over the mercy 
seat in the Holy of Holies, Ex. 40: 34, 35; Lev. 1:1. " The 
clearest book of Jewish gospel." The key to Leviticus is the 
Epistle to the Hebrews. 

Time Covered. — One month and twenty days, Ex. 40: 17; 
Lev. 9: 1; Num. 10: 11-13. 

Key Verse. — Ye shall be holy, Lev. 19: 2 ; 11 : 44; 20: 7, 26. 

Key Thoughts. — Sacrifice, the way to God, 17: 11. Sanctifi- 
cation, the walk with God. 

Analysis. — 
I. Chapters 1-16, The Way to God. 
II. Chapters 17-26, The Walk with God. 

III. Chapter 27, Appendix on Vows, Tithes, and Things 
Devoted. 

I. The Way to God— The Sacrifices, Ps. 51 : 17. 

(1) Burnt — All on the altar, Heb. 2: 14. 

(2) Meat — Altar and priest, Jno. 4: 34. 

(3) Peace — Altar, priest, and offerer, Rev. 3: 20. 

(4) Sin — What we are, not do, II Cor. 5:21. 

(5) Trespass — What we do, not are, Rom. 5 : 20; 
I Peter 1 : 24. 



THE PENTATEUCH 3 1 

(a) Against men — Restitution, sacrifice. 

(b) Against God — Sacrifice. 
Prominent Ideas. — 

Chapter i. Sin, death, guilt. 

2. Forgiveness, thanksgiving, holiness, 
communion. 

3. Confession, restitution, atonement. 
6-8: 7. Directions to priests concerning offer- 
ings, Heb. 5: 5-9; 7: 21,22,24, 28; 8: 1-4. 

8, 9. Consecration of Aaron and his sons, 
vs. 23, 24. 
10. Desecration by Nadab and Abihu. 
11-15. Laws of purification. 

16. Central chapter — Day of Atonement. 
II. 17-26. Sanctification, the law of holiness. 
III. 27. Appendix. 

Historical Chapters. — 8. Consecration of Aaron and his 
sons. 9. The first offering. 10. Nadab and Abihu. 24. 
Blasphemer stoned. 

Points to be Carefully Studied. — Without blemish, Heb. 
9: 14; I Peter 1: 19. Door of tent. Hand on head, Heb. 
10: 11. Make atonement. The priest shall present. Priest 
offered for himself first of all, Heb. 7: 26-28. Acceptance of 
the sacrifice, 9: 24. 

Day of Atonement (Tisri 10th). — Tenth day of the New 
Year, about October 10th, Lev. 16: 29; Heb. chs. 9, 10. A day 
of National humiliation, v. 29. The high-priest's entrance 
into Holy of Holies, Heb. 9:7; 10:19. Sin offering for 
high-priest and his house, Heb. 5:2;7:27,28;9:7. The two 
goats, Lev. 16:8-10. Only one offering, Heb. 2: 17; 9: 13, 
14; 10: 4; 9: 22, 23, 28; 13: 11. (Prefigures our Lord's death, 
resurrection, and appearance in the presence of God for us, 
Heb. 6: 20; Rom. 4: 25.) 

The Lord's Feasts. — Sabbath, Passover, Pentecost, First 
Fruits, Tabernacles, Atonement Day, Heb. 9:22 ("afflict 
your souls "), Trumpets, Jubilee (no servile work). 

Offerings. — To make an atonement, Lev. 17: 11. Without 
the shedding of blood there is no remission, Heb. 9: 22. 



32 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

i. Burnt, Lev. 1:3, 4, 5. The blood was poured out 
on the altar, a token that the life of the worshiper 
was given to God, Heb. 9: 14; 10: n; 12: 24. 

2. Meat — The idea, thanksgiving to God; frankin- 
cense; salt, v. 13. 

3. Peace — Fellowship with God — the priest, the wor- 
shiper. 

4. Sin — Means of conciliation with God. The priest's 
offering for himself, 4: 3-12; Heb. 5: 2, 3; 7: 27, 28; 
9: 7; 10: 10-12; for the people, make an atonement 
for them, 4: 20; Heb. 2: 17; 13: 11. 

5. Trespass — An actual transgression, whether to 
God or man. 

Weakness of law sacrifices — not possible that the blood of 
bulls and goats should take away sins, Heb. 10: 1-4; where- 
fore a " body " prepared, vs. 5-10-13. One offering — no more 
offering, vs. 14-18. Clean through the Word, John 15:3; 
17: 17. Christ Jesus, the Apostle and High Priest of our 
profession, Heb. 3: 1; Lev. 16:33, 34. Atonement for : Holy 
place, 16:16, 17; Heb. 9:22, 23. Tabernacle, 16:16, 17. 
Altar, 16: 18, 19; Heb. 9: 22, 23. Priests, 16: 11-14. People, 
16: 20-28, 33. 

National Humiliation. — " Ye shall afflict your souls," v. 29. 
Of cleansing, v. 30; Heb. 9: 13, 14; 10: 1, 2. 

High-priest's entrance into the Holy of Holies, 16: 2, 3; 
Heb. 9:7. Not without blood (His, Jesus' own blood), Heb. 
9: 11-14; 9: 12, 24, 25. Once a year, Lev. 16: 2; Heb. 9: 6, 7. 
For himself and his house first, Lev. 16: n-14; Heb. 5:2, 3; 
7:27, 28; 9:7. For the people. Two goats — one offering, 
Lev. 16:8. The goat for sacrifice, vs. 9, 15; Heb. 2:17; 
5:259: 7, 28. Within the vail, v. 15; Heb. 6: 19; 9: 3, 7, 12; 
10: 19, 20. The scapegoat (living sacrifice), Lev. 16: 20-28; 
Isa. 53:6, 11, 12. Burned without the camp, Lev. 16:27; 
Heb. 13: 11-13. The unchangeable priesthood, Heb. 7:24- 
26. Christ in Heaven itself, Heb. 9: 24. The law of holiness, 
Lev. 19:2; 20:7, 8, 26; 21:6-8, 15; 22:9, 16, 32. (The 
spotless Saviour stands as the head of the sinful race, our 
Substitute, second Adam. An offering of Himself as both 



THE P3NTATKUCH 33 

priest and victim. Perfect the work of redemption by 
Himself, enter into presence of God for us.) 

The Nature of the Atonement, Isa. 53: Vicarious — Made 
to be sin for us, etc., II Cor. 5:21. Our griefs, sins, sorrows, 
transgressions, iniquities, peace, healing, numbered with 
transgressors, etc. Purpose of God — ch. 53 : 4, 6, 10. Christ's 
Passion — poured out His soul unto death, v. 12. Efficacy of 
passion — When thou shalt make His soul an offering for sin, 
v. 10. 

NUMBERS (The Wilderness Book) 

The Great Leader (Guide), Num. 9: 17-23. 

Numbers. — Numberings, at Sinai, ch. 1; in the plains of 
Moab, 26: 1. 

Time Covered. — Nearly forty years. 

The Church in the Wilderness. — Discipline and training. 

Key-verses. — Ch. 1:2," Take ye the sum," etc.; 10: 29, pil- 
grimage. 

Nature of the Book. — Historical and military, (a) The 
marshaling of the people according to their tribe. 

(b) Their march from Sinai to the borders of the promised 
land. 

(c) The conquest of the territory on the east side of Jordan. 
Key-thoughts. — Warfare and wandering. 

Themes. — God's judgments against sin. (Warfare is the 
necessary condition of pilgrimage and possession.) 

Divisions. — (a) In the Wilderness of Sinai, ch. 1: 1-10: 10. 
From Sinai to Kadesh. 

(&) In the Wilderness of Paran, 10: 11-20:21. In camp 
at Kadesh. 

(c) On the Plains of Moab, 20: 22; 36: 13. From Kadesh 
to Jordan. 

The Stay at Sinai. — Arrival, B. C. 1498, third month (May), 
Ex. 19: 1. Departure, B. C. 1497, second month, twentieth 
day, Num. 10: 11. 



34 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

In the Wilderness of Sinai 

1498. Second Month. Num. ch. 1 : 1-46: Numbering of the 
tribes, 47-54. Levites exempted for the service of the Lord. 

Ch. 2: 1-34: Order in which the tribes were to march and 
encamp. 

Chs. 3, 4: The Levites' service. Tabernacle and camp. 
(Make a picture, Tabernacle [God] in the midst.) East — 
A family of worshipers, 3:38. Moses, Aaron, and his sons. 
W. S. & N. A tribe (Levi) of workers (Gershon), Kohath, 
Merari. 

A Nation. Warriors. 

E. Camp or Standard Judah. Issachar. Zebulun. 

W. " " Ephraim. Manasseh. Benjamin. 

N. " " Dan. Asher. Naphtali. 

S. " " Reuben. Simeon. Gad. 

Ex. 29: 45 : "I will dwell among the children of Israel, and 
will be their God." Num. 2: 17: " Levites in the midst of 
the camp . . . every man in his place by their standards." 

1498. Two Months. Chs. 5, 6: Regulation for lepers; 
jealousy; Nazarites; Vs. 22-27: Aaronic benediction. 

Ch. 7: At the dedication of the tabernacle (Ex. 40: 18), 
what the princes offered. 

Ch. 8: Levites' atonement. 

Ch. 9: The Passover again kept, v. 5. Vs. 15-23: The 
cloud — guidance. 

Ch. 10: 1-10: Silver trumpets — their use. Ch. 10: n-34: 
Departure from Sinai, vs. 11, 12. Vs. 35, 36: The journey 
songs of Moses. 

In the Wilderness of Paran — Discipline 

1497. Second Month, Twentieth Day-1458. Ch. 10: 11; 

20: 21. In Camp at Kadesh Ain Qadees, fifty miles south of 
Beersheba. " An oasis of verdure and beauty, hardly con- 
ceivable in such a region " (H. C. Trumbull). From Sinai, 
160 or 170 miles, an eleven days' journey. Slow marching 



THE) PKNTATEUCH 35 

and long rests through the great and terrible wilderness 
required two or three months en route — July or August, 
Num. 13:20. Ch. 10:11-13: The journey from Sinai to 
Paran. Vs. 29-32: Hobab — "Human aid." Vs. 33, 34: 
Journeyings; guides; the ark of the covenant and pillars of 
cloud and fire. Vs. 35, 36: Moses' journey songs. Morning 
and evening prayers. (Numbers is rich in fragments of 
ancient poetry.) Chants: Ark — Songs from book of wars of 
Jehovah, 21: 14, 15. Song of the well, 21: 17, 18. 

Ch. 11:1-34 — ( T ) Murmurings. Taberah. Kibroth-hat- 
taavah. (2) Vs. 26-29: Seventy elders — Bldad and Medad. 
V. 35: Hazeroth. 

Ch. 12: 1-16 — (3) Miriam, Aaron, Moses. 

Heb. 3: 19. 

Ch. 13: 1-33: Wilderness of Paran (Kadesh-barnea, v. 
26) (Wady-Qadees, an extensive hill-encircled plain, several 
miles wide. Along middle a water-bed of unusual fertility. 
Rich fields of wheat and barley.) The twelve spies sent to 
Canaan. 

Ch. 14: 1-9 — (4) Murmuring. Rebellion. Vs. 11-25: 
Moses pleads, Ex. 34: 5-7 (Intercession). Vs. 26-39: Their 
doom. Vs. 40-45 : Vain repentance. Rash attack. 

Ch. 15: Sticks on the sabbath. 

Ch. 16 — (5): Korah, Dathan, and Abiram. 

Ch. 17 — (6): Aaron's rod budded. 

Heb. 9: 13. Chs. 18, 19: Various laws. 

Ps. 106; I Cor. 10: 4. Ch. 20: 1. Gathering of the clans. 
Death of Miriam. Vs. 2-1 1 — (7): Murmuring. Water 
from the rock. Vs. 12, 13: Sin of Moses, his punishment. 

Ch. 20: 14; 21:3: Thirty-eight years of wandering ended. 

1459. The forward movement to Palestine — From Kadesh 
to Jordan. Ch. 20: 14-21: Circuit around Bdom. 

1459. Mt. Hor. Ch. 20: 22-29. Aaron's death. 

Ch. 21: 1-3: Victory over Arad, the Canaanite, 14: 40-45. 
Vs. 4-6 — (8): Murmuring. Fiery serpent. 

To the Arnon: Jno. 3: 14, 15. Vs. 7-9: The brazen ser- 
pent, Superstition of, II Kings 18:4. Christ's use of, John 
3: 14-16. Vs. 10-16: Journeyings. Vs. 17, 18, 19, 20: Song 



36 teacher-Training studies 

of the well. Vs. 21-32: Sihon, king of the Amorites. Vs. 
33 _ 35 • Og, king of Bashan. Wilderness, Ps. 90. Summary 
of wilderness experience, Ps. 95. 

On the Plains of Moab 

1459. Autumn. Ch. 22: Balak, Balaam, Balaam's ass. 

Ch. 23: Balaam's first and second blessings. 

Ch. 24: Balaam's third and fourth blessings. The star 
of Jacob's prophecy, 24: 17. References to Balaam, II Peter 
2: 14-16; Jude 2. 

Shittim. Ch. 25: Baal-Peor (Idolatry — Midianites to be 
punished). Ch. 26: Numbering, vs. 63-65. Ch. 27: 
Daughters of Zelophehad. Moses. Joshua. Ch»3i: Pun- 
ishment of Midian. Balaam and Moab. Ch. 32 : Tribes of 
Reuben and Gad asking for their inheritance east of Jordan. 
Commission appointed. Ch. 33: Journeyings recapitulated, 
vs. 50-56. Canaanites to be destroyed. Ch. 34: The 
borders of the land. (Use map.) Vs. 16-29: Commission to 
divide land. Ch. 35: Forty-eight cities for Levites. Vs. 
6-34: Cities of refuge — six. Ch. 36: Laws for inheritance. 
Daughters of Zelophehad married. 

DEUTERONOMY 

Deutero-, second, another; nomos, law — "repetition of the 
law." 

Moses' Farewell to the People of Israel 

Time Covered. — History of about forty days, Deut. 1:3; 
Josh. 4: 19. Deduct Deut. 34: 8. 

Jehovah. — The covenant-keeping God is the Supreme Lover. 
" He is thy life," 30: 20. 

Keynotes. — God's choice of Israel to be a holy people to 
himself, 7:6-8; 10: 15. Supreme love to God, the inspiring 
principle of religion and righteousness, 6:5. 

Key-word. — Obedience — the condition of Divine blessing 
and permanence in future. Used by Jesus: In wilderness 



THE PENTATEUCH 37 

temptation quotes Deut. 8:3; 6:16; 6:13; sums up the 
whole law, Matt. 22: 36-38; Deut. 6: 5. 

References to Christ. — Deut. 18:15-19 (John 1:45; Acts 
3: 22; 7:37); 21: 23 (Gal. 3: 13); 30: 11-14 (Rom. 10: 6-10). 

1459. Divisions. — Three addresses of Moses. The eccle- 
siastical, judicial, and political systems of the Jewish nation. 

Appendices. — Chs. 1-4: 40: Recounts their history. 

First address: He sets forth God's care in the past as a 
motive for obedience to his laws. (History of a forty years' 
journey which might have been made in eleven weeks.) 

Passages to be Noted. — Choice verses, 1:19 ("that great 
and terrible wilderness"), 1:46; Ijdomites, 2:5; Moabites, 
v. 9; Ammonites, vs. 19, 14, 25; 3: 21-28; 4: 7, 8, 21, 22, 26; 

4 : 3i, 33, 37, 39- 

Ch. 4:40; 26:19 — Second address: Recalls their laws. 
Reminds the people of the covenant into which they 
entered with Jehovah at Sinai, chs. 12-26. The statutes 
(chs. 5-1 1 ) and judgments to be observed in the promised 
land, and worship in the service of the basket of first fruits. 
On all may be written, " Holiness to the Lord." Ch. 5: 24- 
32; 6: 3-9, 12 (" beware lest thou forget "), 15; 7: 6-1 1, 22, 25; 
8: 1-5; 9: 4-6, 24, 25-29; 10: 12-22; 11:2, 7, 12, 24, 25, 26, 
29; 12: 14, 16, 19, 23, 27; 16: 16; 17: 14; 18: 15-19; 20: 1-4; 
23: 3-6, 7, 8; 25: 17-19, Amalek; 26: 17-19, a holy people. 

Chs. 27-30 — Third address: The writing of the law on 
plastered stones on Mt. Hbal. Solemn taking of the covenant. 
Blessings (Gerizim), curses (Kbal). Temporal mercies and 
judgments predicted, with promise of ultimate restoration, 
27: 5, 6; 28: 58, 63-68; 29: 1, 5, 29; 30: 11-14, 19, 20. 

Chs. 31-34 — Appendices. (Farewell words celebrating God's 
righteousness and grace in Israel's history, from the flood to 
the second coming of Christ.) Ch. 31 : Successor of Moses — 
Joshua. His commission. Delivery of the law to the priests 
and elders. Charged to read it once in seven years to the 
assembled people. Ch. 32: Swan song of Moses. Ch. 33: 
Blessing of Moses (in poetical form). 

1459, February. Mt. Nebo or Pisgah. Ch. 34: Death of 
Moses. (How he viewed the land he was not to enter, and 



38 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

" died there in the land of Moab, according to the word 
[mouth, kiss] of the Lord," Ps. 116: 15; 31:9-13, 14, 15, 19, 
22, 23, 24, 26; 32: 9-12, 29, 31; 33: 13-17, 27, 29; 34: 10-12. 
Teaching summed up — " Beware lest we forget." 

Moses on Mt. of Transfiguration. — Song of Moses and of 
the Lamb, Rev. 15: 3. "A record of the noble orations of 
Moses as he stood on the great divide between his earthly and 
his heavenly life, looking over the past crammed full of great 
epoch-creating events, every one shining in the light of God, 
and then turning his gaze upon the future of the people " 
(Peloubet). 

Write a paper on the following topics: Moses' personal 
history — list of his characteristics and writings. Moses, the 
servant of God. Moses as prophet — statesman — general — 
law-giver — poet, Deut. 32, 33; Ps. 90. Orator: Among the 
few greatest masterpieces of eloquence in the world's history, 
if not at their head. " Professor Moulton read on three suc- 
cessive days, each at a single sitting, an oration of Demos- 
thenes, Burke, and Deuteronomy; neither of the other two 
rose to the oratorical level of Moses." 



PERIOD OF THE THEOCRACY 

During this period the direction of the affairs of State was 
solely in the hands of Jehovah himself. 

Time Covered. — From the death of Moses, 1458, to the 
appointment of Saul as king, 11 02 — nearly 400 years. 

Historical Books. — Contain the history of the Hebrew 
people as a nation from the death of Moses, its founder, to 
Malachi, the last of the prophets — about 1 100 years. Divided 
into three periods: (1) Theocracy. (2) Monarchy. (3) 
Restoration. 

Books. — Twelve: Joshua, Judges, Ruth, I and II Samuel, 
I and II Kings, I and II Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. 



PERIOD OF THE} THEOCRACY 39 

JOSHUA 

Joshua, " The Lord is salvation." Hoshea, " salvation," 
or " help." "Je," for Jehovah (added, Num. 13: 16). 

Date — Place. — Just before 1430; in the land of Canaan, in 
the midst of conquest ; in a memorial style, from the standpoint 
of an eye-witness. 

Author. — Joshua, Ex. 17: 14; Josh. 24: 26. 

Nature of the Book. — Military history, giving an account of 
the conquest and division of the land of promise (11:23; 
21 : 43-45) under Joshua. 

Time Covered. — 1458-1450 — eight years (Beecher); 1434 
(Josephus) — about twenty-five years. 

Central Thought. — Jehovah, the captain of the Lord's host, 
Josh. 5: 13-15. " More than conquerors," Rom. 8: 37. 

Keynote. — Be strong and of a good courage, Josh. 1 : 6, 9, 18. 

Key-word. — Inheritance, Heb. 4. Our inheritance incor- 
ruptible, I Peter 1:4. God our inheritance, Num. 18:20; 
Deut. 10: 9; 18: 2. 

Personal History. — Born in Egypt, 153 1. Son of Nun. A 
prince of the tribe of Ephraim. Closely associated with 
Moses, Ex. 24: 13; 33: 11. Commanded the Israelites in 
victories over the Amalekites (Ex. 17:8-16) at Rephidim. 
Attended Moses in the Mount. Joined Caleb in the minority 
report of the spies who explored Canaan. Solemnly set apart 
as Moses' successor (Num. 27: 16-23; Deut. 31 : 7, 8; 34: 9) at 
the age of eighty years. After thirty years of his greatest 
work he died at Timnath-Serah, aged no years, Judges 2: 8. 

Divisions. — I. Conquest of Canaan, chs. 1-12 — Historical, 
legislative. II. Division of the promised land, chs. 13-22 — 
Geographical. III. Farewell addresses, chs. 23, 24 — Horta- 
tory. 

Conquest of Canaan, 1458-1450. A holy war. 

1458. Fords opp. Jericho. God's charge to Joshua, ch. 1. 
" Every place that the sole of your foot," etc. (Appropriat- 
ing the promises, " According to your faith.") Preparations. 
Sending spies. Rahab's faith (Heb. 11:31; Jas. 2: 25), ch. 2. 
Forward movement, ch. 3. " Ye have not passed this way 



40 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

heretofore," vs. 4, n. The ark, the guide. Crossing the 
Jordan. Memorial stones in Jordan, ch. 4: 9. Memorial 
monument, vs. 3, 7. 

Gilgal. Effect on Amorites and Canaanites, ch. 5. Rite 
of circumcision renewed. Passover celebrated. Manna ceased. 
Prince of the Host of the Lord appears to Joshua. 

1458. Jericho. City of palms. Key to Western Pales- 
tine, ch. 6. Fall of Jericho. Prophetic curse pronounced on 
it, I Kings 16: 34. 

Ai. Israel's defeat. Achan, ch. 7. Ai taken, ch. 8. 

Mt. Ebal. First altar built. 

Shechem. Joshua renews the covenant. 

1457. Throughout Palestine. Combination of kings, ch. 
9. Gibeonites' deception. League (Joshua's blunder), de- 
struction of the five kings, ch. 10. God's assurance, v. 8. 
Victory of Beth-horon. Apostrophe to the sun and moon, 
vs. 12-14. (Davis, " Dictionary of the Bible," page 712.) 

1457. Waters of Merom. Northern campaign, chs. 11, 12. 
(Read 11:6, 15.) Joshua's victories. "This generation of 
Israelites, trained by desert hardness and Sinai laws; led by 
cloudy, fiery pillar, following their leaders, Moses and Joshua, 
was the noblest, purest, best-disciplined in all Hebrew his- 
tory." The bounds of the land not yet conquered, 13: 1-6. 
Division of the land, vs. 7-19. " An outline sketch of the 
Divine intention " (Meyer). 

Israel had little more than a foothold. Joshua's faith. 
Neither the seaboard nor the maritime plain was wrested from 
the Canaanites. 

Two Canaanitish centers of power, like islands, were left 
for generations in the midst of the Israelites, virtually isolating 
Israelitish tribes into three groups: 

(1) Jerusalem, and the Gibeonite towns near it, until 
David's time: thus Judah and Simeon were, for all practical 
purposes, isolated from the " hill-country of Kphraim." 

(2) The stronghold and barrier of the Plain of Esdraelon, 
in which were several Canaanitish cities; thus the Joseph 
tribes were cut off from those which inhabited the hills of 
Galilee. 



PERIOD OF THE THEOCRACY 4 1 

1454. Gilgal. Caleb's inheritance by lot, ch. 14:6-15. 
Supervisors of the division, ch. 14:1-17:4. Jebusites not 
conquered, 15: 63. One lot cast for Ephraim and Manasseh 
(Joseph) to be side by side, 16: 1-4. Zelophehad's daughters, 
ch. 17: 3-6. Children of Joseph obtain another lot, vs. 14: 18. 

1453. Shiloh. Tabernacle set up, ch. 18 : 1. Division 
made, vs. 1-9. Shiloh, the national center and place of sacri- 
fice, vs. 1, 8, 10; 19:51; 22:12. Joshua's inheritance, ch. 
19 : 49-51. Timnath-serah, Mt. Ephraim. Cities of refuge 
(6), ch. 21: 1-9. Levitical cities (48), ch. 21: 14-42. God's 
faithfulness to his promise, vs. 43-45. " There failed not 
ought of any good thing which the Lord had spoken . . 
all came to pass." Departure of Trans- Jordanic tribes, ch. 
22:1-9. Build an altar, vs. 10—20. Misunderstanding — 
embassy — explanation, vs. 21-34. Phinehas-Ed, a witness. 

Shechem. Joshua's first address. Exhortation, ch. 23. 
Joshua's farewell address, ch. 24. Historical, chs. 2-13. Re- 
new the covenant, vs. 14-25. The stone witness. 

1450. Timnath-serah. Death of Joshua, vs. 29, 30. 
Israel's service, v. 31. 

Shechem. Joseph's bones, v. 32. 

Mt. Ephraim. Eleazer, son of Aaron, died and buried. 

JUDGES— The Iron Age of Israel 

Historical book (2). Judges, Deliverers, Saviours, 3 : 9, 15 (R. 
V.). " He that overcometh shall inherit all things," Rev. 21:7. 

Author. — Unknown. Probably Samuel, continued by other 
annalists, possibly combined into one harmonious whole by 
Ezra or Nehemiah. 

Date. — Date of compilation is uncertain; there were early 
records and written histories (family memorials), not far from 
the time of their occurrence. Song of Deborah and Barak. 
Probably 1 060-1 042. 

Period of the Book of Judges. — From the death of Joshua, 
1450, to the birth of Samuel, 11 71 — 280 years. Unchrono- 
logical. Fragmentary. 

It is probable that " the oppressions and deliverances were 



42 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

not successive, but in part contemporaneous." The judges 
were over particular groups of tribes. Barak, in the north of 
Israel. Gideon, in the center. Jephthah, on the east of 
Jordan. Samson, in the extreme southwest. Levi, Reuben, 
and Simeon furnish no judges. 

" The annals of this book throw more light upon the real 
life of the people of Israel than all the historians who have 
ever written have thrown on the every-day life of Grecians and 
Romans " (Dean Stanley). 

Religion — Education. — Shiloh was the central place of 
religious worship for the whole nation. There were the 
tabernacle, the ark, the altar for daily sacrifices, and the 
assembling of the tribes three times a year for the great feasts. 

The Levites were scattered through the nation as its religious 
teachers. Thus were the people bound together as one nation, 
and separated from all other nations. Every man did that 
which was right in his own eyes. They were destitute of 
any strong central administration of government. Decay of 
faith; corruption of life. 

Keynotes. — Disobedience. Apostasy, ch. 17:6; 18:1; 19: 
iff; 21: 25. The failure to drive out completely the inhabit- 
ants of the land, ch. 1: 21, 27-36. 

Key-thoughts. — Apostasy from God brought its punish- 
ment. God in his infinite mercy was ever ready to raise up 
deliverers when his people cried to him in their trouble, Ps. 
106:44, 45- 

Theme. — Keep yourselves from idols, I John 5:21. 

Cycle of Sinning. — Sin, punishment (oppression), repent- 
ance, deliverance. 

Aim. — Clearly shown, ch. 2: 11-18; 3:7-9, n; 4: 1-3, 23, 24. 

Divisions. — Introduction, ch. 1 : 1-2 : 5 — Retrospective. 
Deeds of the Judges, ch. 2:6-16:31; 2:6-3:6 Prospective. 
Two detached episodes, chs. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21. They ap- 
parently belong to the earlier period of the Judges. Phinehas, 
20: 28. The song of Deborah (ch. 5) shows their conscious- 
ness that they were engaged in a sacred warfare. The day of 
grace may be sinned away, ch. 10: 10—16. 

Analysis. — 



PERIOD OF THE THEOCRACY 



43 



After Joshua (Chs. 1-3:6). 
Judah, 1: 1-21. 
Joseph, vs. 22-29. 
The Rest, vs. 30-36. 
Jehovah's messenger, 2: 1-5. 
The people under Joshua, vs. 6-10. 
Synopsis of history, vs. 11-23. 
The enemies, 3: 1-6. 

The Judges. 
First Declension (Ch. 3: 7-1 1). 

Neglect of God and turning to idols. 
Oppression, 8 years (1441-1432). 
Cushan-rishathaim (King of the Assyrians, 

Josephus) (Rameses III, Beecher). 
Othniel (Kenizzite) (Hebron). 
End of first 40-year period. 

Second Declension (Ch. 3: 12-31). 



Sin: 
Punishment : 



Deliverance : 
1419 



Sin: 

Punishment: 

Deliverance : 

1379. 

Sin: 

Punishment : 
Deliverance : 



1339. 



Kglon, King of Moab, 18 years (1397-1380). 
Ehud (Benjamin) (Jericho). 
End of second 40-year period. 

Third Declension (Chs. 4, 5). 

Jabin, King of Hazor, 20 years (1 370-1351). 

Shamgar (Judah). 

Deborah (Mt. Ephraim). 

Barak (Kedesh-Naphtali). 

End of third 40 years (Jud. 5; 31). 

Fourth Declension (Chs. 6-8: 32). 



Sin: 

Punishment : 

Deliverance : 

1299. 



Midianites, 7 years (1329-1323). 

Gideon (West Manasseh). 

End of fourth 40 years (Jud. 8: 28). 
The chronological method changes, the dates being hence- 
forth given in terms of the years of the ruling judge, and no 
longer in terms of 40 years. — Beecher. 



44 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Fifth Declension (Chs. 8: 33-10: 5). 
Sin: Baalim, 8:33-35. 

Punishment: Abimelech (Shechem), 9:56, 57 (1298-1296). 
Deliverance: Tola (Issachar), 23 years (1295-1273). 
Jair (Gilead), 22 years (1272-1251). 

Seventh Declension (Chs. 10: 6-12: 15). 

Sin: Idolatry multiplied, 10:6. 

Punishment: Philistines (Ammon), v. 7 . 

Deliverance: Jephthah (Gilead), 6 years (12 12-1207) 
Ibzan (Bethlehem), 7 years (1 206-1 200) 
Klon (Zebulon), 10 years (1199-1190) 
Abdon (Ephraim), 8 years (1189-1182) 






Sixth Declension (Chs. 13-16). 
Sin: 

Punishment: Philistines \ West 

Deliverance: Samson (Dan), 20 years (1250-1231)] Israel. 

Appendix. 

Micah (Chs. 17, 18). 
Micah's idolatry, ch. 17. 
Punishment by Danites, ch. 18. 

The Levite (Chs. 19-21). 
The outrage, ch. 19. 

War between Israel and Benjamin, ch. 20. 
Preservation of Benjamin, ch. 21. 

RUTH 

Historical book (3). Ruth, " the companion " or Rose of 
Moab. A beautiful pastoral drama. 

Author — Date. — Unknown. After the time of David and 
before the exile. 

Historical Setting. — Light in dark times. Belongs to the 
time of the Judges, possibly Gideon, or to the judgeship of 
Eli, 1181-1142. Connects the period of the Judges with the 



PERIOD OF TBU THEOCRACY 45 

Monarchy, and supplies an important link in the ancestry 
of David. 

Time Covered. — Ten years. 

Contents. — Ruth deciding for the Lord, ch. 1: 16, 17. Ruth 
reaping with the Lord, ch. 2 : 3, 12. Ruth resting in the Lord, 
ch. 3. Ruth rewarded by the Lord, ch. 4: 18-22. 

We see in it piety, love, consecration, happy family life, 
and domestic virtues. The nation was, on the whole, growing 
better; there was, under the troubled surface, many a pure, 
loving, religious life. 

Value of the Book. — (1) Character of Boaz, Deut. 25: 5, 6; 
Lev. 25: 25-28, 47, 50. (2) Jewish land system. (3) Not of 
the chosen race, yet the ancestress of David and of Jesus 
Christ, Matt. 1 : 2-6. (4) Anticipates the words of Christ 
(Matt. 8: 11) — the calling of the Gentiles. 

THEOCRACY TO MONARCHY 

Samuel, the Founder of the Kingdom, the Connecting Link 

Historical book (4). I Samuel. 

Author — Date. — Not positively known. Chs. 1-24, written 
by Samuel, the prominent actor therein. The remainder 
probably written by the prophets Nathan and Gad (I Chron. 
29: 29), 976-640. 

Time Covered. — About eighty years. 

Language. — Pure Hebrew prose. 

Divisions. — I. Transactions under Eli's judgeship. II. 
History of Israel under Samuel's judgeship. III. History of 
Saul and his reign. 

Samuel, " asked of God." 

Early Life. — 

1 171. Raman. Birth. Consecration to the Lord's service, 
ch. 1-2: 10. Hannah (Mary's) song, Luke 1:46-55. Youth. 

Shiloh. Caring for the temple (two to twelve years old), 
ch. 2: 12-3: 18. 

1 168. Shiloh. The faithless sons of Eli, ch. 2:12-17, 
22-36. The boy Samuel's service in temple, 2: 18, 19. 



46 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

1160. The Lord reveals Himself to him (call), 3: 1-18* 
Doom on the priestly house of Eli. 

Samuel, the Seer (Prophet), Founder of the Prophetic Ordei 

1 159. Shiloh. Twelve to thirty- two years old, ch. 3 : 19-21. 

1 142. Ebenezer. Judgment on Eli's house. Israel's 
defeat. Ark of God taken. Death of Eli (ninety-eight years 
old). Ichabod, ch. 4. 

Philistia. The Ark of God, ch. 5: 6-18. 

Kirjath-jearim. The Ark of God restored, ch. 6: 19-7: 2. 

1 121. The upright Judge. 

Mizpeh. National religious reformation, ch. 7 : 3-9. 

Ebenezer. Philistines defeated. Ebenezer, " stone of 
help," ch. 7: 10-14. The memorial, twelfth verse. Annual 
circuits. Founds the schools of the prophets, 7: 15-17; 
10: 10. 

Beersheba. His sons. Subordinate judges, ch. 8: 1-3. 

1 102. Founder of the kingdom. 

Ramah. Israelites demand a king. Samuel's protest, ch. 
8: 4-22. Request granted. God's second best, vs. 9, 22. 

Zuph (Ramah). Providential guidance, ch. 9: 1-27. Saul 
anointed king, ch. 10: 1-16. 

Mizpeh. Saul elected king by lot, vs. 17-27. 

1 102. Gilgal. Saul's coronation, ch. 11: 1-15. 

The King's Inspired Counselor (Prophet and Priest) 

1088. Gilgal. Samuel's farewell address, ch. 12: 1-25. 
Saul warned, ch. 13: 1-15. 

1078. Gilgal. Announces Saul's rejection, ch. 15: 1-35 . 

1077. Bethlehem. Anoints David, ch. 16: 1-13. 

1065. Ramah. Death of Samuel, aged one hundred and 
five years, ch. 25: 1 ; 28: 3. 

(Use the map for all locations and incidents thereat. Study 
the times, political and religious. Mark the verses which 
exhibit the great qualities of Samuel. Make a clear outline 
of Samuel's mission. Note special expressions. Discuss 
chief practical points.) 



THE) HEBREW MONARCHY 47 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 

Founded in Saul, 1192. Captivity of Judah, 586. 

Divisions. — The United Kingdom, 1102-972. Reigns of 
Saul, David, Solomon. The Divided Kingdom, 982-586. 
From reign of Rehoboam to Zedekiah. 

THE UNITED KINGDOM 
REIGN OF SAUL (1 102-1063) 

Preparations of Saul for Kingship. — Tribe, I Samuel 9:1. 
Personal fitness. Chosen of God. Natural characteristics. 
Influences of God's Spirit, I Samuel 6, 10. 

Raman. Anointed king, ch. 10: 1-16. 

1102. Gilgal. Coronation, ch. 11:1-15. Inauguration 
festival. Campaign against the Philistines. Jonathan struck 
the first blow, ch. 13 : 1-22. Saul tested, 10 : 8; 13:8, 9. 
Rejection of his house as the permanent dynasty of Israel, 
vs. 13, 14. 

1085. Michmash. "The Lord saved Israel," 14:23. 
Jonathan's exploit, 13:23; 14:23. Saul's rash oath. Jona- 
than's episode, ch. 14: 24-46. 

1078. The Amalekites, ch. 15: 1-35 (Ex. 17: 8-16; Num. 
14:45; 24:20; Deut. 25:17-19; Judges 3:13; 6:3). Saul 
rejected from being king, vs. 23-31. Heart of Samuel's 
teaching, v. 22. Impress Saul's opportunities, his failure 
through self-will, disobedience, and shallow religious life. 
Saul's decline, working out his own destiny. 

1077. Beth-lehem. The new dynasty. David anointed, 
ch. 16: 1-13. 

1074. Gibeah. Saul's melancholy. David's music, vs. 
14-23. 

1073. Valley of Elah. David and Goliath, ch. 17. 

Gibeah. Saul's insane jealousy of David, ch. 18:24, 2 ^. 
His attempts on David's life, ch. 18: 10, n, 17-27; 19: 19- 
24. Knowingly resisting God's will, 18: 12, 28; 24:20,21; 
26: 25. 



48 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

1063. Mt. Gilboa. Saul's death, chs. 28, 31. Jabesh- 
gilead, vs. 11-13. 

REIGN OF DAVID (1063-1022) 

II Sam'l 1-24; I Chron. 1-29: 30. 

The books of Samuel exhibit the rise and growth of insti- 
tutions which fitted Israel to fulfil its calling in God's plan of 
redemption. 

(a) The line (dynasty) of David, with promise, II Sam'l 

5: 17; 7:29. 

(b) Prophecy assumes prominence. 

(c) Writers of history, I Chron. 29:29 (R. V.); II Chron. 
9:29. 

(d) Music and poetry associated with the prophetic 
order. 

David. — " The man who was raised up on high." " The 
anointed of the God of Jacob." " The Sweet Psalmist of 
Israel," I Sam'l 23: 1. " The Lord hath sought him a man 
after his own heart," ch. 13: 13, 14. 

Training for the Kingdom. — Youth. Ancestry, Ruth 4: 14- 
22 ; Matt. 1 : 2-6. Jesse's sons, I Sam'l 17:12;! Chron. 2:13- 
15. Daughters and their sons, I Chron. 2: 16, 17. Occupa- 
tion — Shepherd, I Sam'l 16:11; 17:28. Musician, I Sam'l 
16:18. Home life, ch. 16:6-12; 17:12-29. Use of sling. 
Conquers Goliath, ch. 17: 1-58. 

1077. Bethlehem. Anointed secretly as king. Poet. 
Psalms reflecting David's youth are: Ps. 8: The Midnight 
Hymn. Ps. 19: The Sunrise Hymn. Ps. 23: The Shepherd 
Hymn. Ps. 29: Seven Thunders Psalm. 

Students will make a careful study of a Divine biography 
marked out for David's life. Natural endowments, home- 
training, communion with God, I Sam'l 18: 12. Influence of 
nature, undaunted courage, talent for music and poetry, which 
led him to the court of Saul; and also to organize orchestras 
and choirs for the service of God; also the first great hymn- 
book. God began by these means to work out his great design 
for David and the kingdom. 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 49 

1074. Court Life. — 

Gibeah. Musician; drives evil spirit away from Saul, 
I Sam'l 16: 14-23. Saul's envy, jealousy, murderous spirit, 
ch. 18: 1-30. David's growing popularity, vs. 5-8, 16, 30. 
Conduct, vs. 14-18. The ideal friendship, Jonathan (Crown 
Prince) and David, ch. 19. I Sam'l 18: 1-4; 19: 1-7; 20: 1-42; 
23:14-18. The "friendship covenant," ch. 20:12-17; 23: 
42; John 15: 13-15. Driven from Saul's court by Saul's 
murderous plots. 

1068. Exile Life. Ramah, ch. 19: 18-24. Nob, 21: 1-9; 
Ps. 52. Gath (Achish), ch. 21: 10-15; Ps. 34, 56. Cave of 
Adullam, ch. 22: 1; Ps. 57, 142. Mizpeh of Moab, 22: 3, 4. 
Forest of Hareth, v. 5. Keilah, 23: 1-13. Wilderness of 
Ziph, vs. 14-28; Ps. 54. Bngedi (" Spring of the Goats "), 
v. 29; 24: 22; Ps. 57, 142. Wilderness of Paran, ch. 25: 1-43. 
Wilderness of Ziph, ch. 26: 1-25. Gath (Achish) begs Ziklag 
(vs. 6, 7), ch. 27:1-28:2. Aphek, ch. 29:1-11. Ziklag, 
ch. 30: 1— 31. Spoils, vs. 21-31. 

(Make a map of David's " exile " journeys, studying the 
incidents at each place, noting the two instances of David 
sparing Saul's life.) David's Band of Men, I Sam'l 22:2; 
23: 13; 27: 2; I Chron. 12: 1-22. 

1063. Ziklag. Tidings of Saul's death. Mourning for 
him, II Sam'l 1: 1-16. The Song of the Bow, I Sam'l 18: 4. 
David seeks Jehovah's direction, II Sam'l 2: 1-3 (Jas. 1:5). 

1063. King over Judah. 

Hebron. Anointed king, II Sam'l 2 : 4. Message to 
Jabesh-Gilead, vs. 5-7. Civil war, ch. 2: 5-4: 2. 

1055. King over all Israel. 

Hebron. Coronation ceremonies, II Sam'l 5 : 1-5 ; I Chron. 
11: 1-3; 12: 23-40. New capital. The castle of Zion taken 
from the Jebusites by Joab's valor, II Sam'l 5: 7-9; II Chron. 
1 1 : 4-9 ; Judges 1:21. 

One of the three supreme cities in the world's history, the 
religious capital and symbol for all time of the kingdom of God 
was David's choice for his capital — Jerusalem. " As a 
military post, it was unrivaled. It stood on a rocky plateau, 
surrounded on three sides by deep ravines, forming a natural 
4 



50 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

fortress of almost impregnable strength " (Cambridge Bible). 
It was the Gibraltar of Palestine. Jerusalem thus became 
both the religious and the civil capital of Israel, inaugurating 
a new epoch in the nation's history. 

David's Reign in Jerusalem. — " (i) Wars and conquests, 
fourteen years. (2) Rest and upbuilding, seven years. 
(3) Domestic troubles, twelve years " (Professor Beecher). 

Wars and Conquests: David's mighty men, I Chron. n: 11- 
47. Exploit of the dauntless three, ch. 14: 8-17. 

End of the Philistine Supremacy. — " The extension of the 
kingdom under David and Solomon was aided by the condi- 
tion of affairs in the two great nations. Egypt on the south- 
west, and Assyria and Babylon on the northeast, from one or 
the other of which regions most of Israel's enemies came. 
Professor Rogers tells us it was a time of internal dissensions 
and Eastern wars, both in Babylonia and Assyria — a period of 
weakness and decay in Assyria." A revival of religious 
life. 

1042. The ark brought from Kirjath-jearim, I Chron. 
chs. 13, 14, 15. Uzzah. David's mistake. Obed-edom, 
II Sam'l ch. 6. David prepares a place for the ark, I Chron. 
15: 1. Carriage by the Levites. Procession of Levites, 
singers, musicians. Processional hymn, Ps. 24. Written for 
the occasion, I Chron. 16: 8-36. (It is placed among Psalms 
105, 96, 106.) " Seven choirs of singers and musicians, 
Josephus tells us, preceded the ark, singing the psalm anti- 
phonally." 

Feast of dedication, I Chron. 16: 1-6. " From this time a 
liturgy, with hymns and responses by the people, was used in 
the temple and synagogues." Other psalms referring to this 
occasion are Ps. 15, 68, 78, 101. 

Where the ark was placed, I Chron. 15: 1; 16: 1; II Sam'l 
6: 17-19. " It was the greatest day of David's life. Its 
significance in his career is marked by his own preeminent 
position — conqueror, poet, musician, priest in one. ... It 
was felt to be a turning-point in the history of the nation. 
David was on that day the founder, not of freedom only, but 
of an empire; not of religion only, but of a church and com- 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 5 1 

mon wealth " (Stanley). Appointment for continual ministry, 
I Chron. 16: 37-47. 

1041. Jerusalem. God's covenant with David. " The 
sure mercies of David." Eternal dominion, II Sam'l 7: 1-29; 
I Chron. 17:1-27. "Great David's greater Son." (The 
posterity of David could only last forever by running out in a 
person who lives forever; that is, in the Messiah and his 
kingdom — Keil — Jerusalem at this time. David's palace 
was situated on Ophel, the high plateau, south of the temple 
platform, the Eastern hill of Jerusalem. Encompassed by 
fortifications, with a solid tower projecting from them. Within 
the walls stood the stronghold, the small house of David, 
the house of the Gibborim, with some other buildings, and 
close to the King's house, the Tent of the Ark. " The 
personal drama is never again so vivid in Jerusalem as it is 
while David is the hero." 

Read David's prayer and thanksgiving. " For Jonathan's 
sake," II Sam'l 9: 1-13. David's foreign conquests, II Sam'l 
chs. 8, 10; I Chron. 18, 19, 20. Spoils of war dedicated to the 
Lord, 8:11, 12. 

1043. Domestic troubles. Fall and repentance, II Sam'l 
11: 1-12:24; Ps. 51, 52. Announcement of the "Avenging 
Sword," ch. 12: 10-12. 

1034. David's chastisement. Amnon, II Sam'l 13 : 1-14: 33. 

1032. Absalom kills Amnon. In exile. In Jerusalem. 
Plotting. 

1025. Pestilence. Census, II Sam'l 24: 1-25. Angel of 
the Lord by the threshingfloor of Araunah. The threshing- 
floor bought. Altar built there, I Chron. 21: 1-25. David's 
thanksgiving hymn, II Sam'l 22. 

1023. Absalom's rebellion, II Sam'l 15:1-16:23. Note 
the procession of woe: " the ark " sent back, vs. 16, 17, 19, 22, 
23, 30. David's prayer against the counsel of Ahithophel, 
Hushai, Ziba, Shimei — Ahithophel's counsel, as " the oracles 
of God defeated by Hushai," ch. 17. 

Mahanaim. David-Barzillai, vs. 24, 27, 29. 

Gilead. Absalom. Amasa, vs. 25, 26. Wood of Ephraim. 
Death of Absalom. David's grief. Revolt of Sheba. 



52 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Jerusalem. David restored to the throne, ch. 19: 1-20: 26. 
Famine. Saul's national sin (Gibeonites) atoned for. Riz- 
pah, ch. 21: 1-14. 

1023. David's last days. Last hymn, II Sam'l 23: 1-39. 
Adonijah's usurpation, I Kings 1 : 5-53. Solomon anointed 
king, vs. 32, 40. Ratification assembly, I Chron. 28: 1-29: 
22. Declares Jehovah's goodness. Charge to Solomon — 
encourages him to build the temple — gives him the patterns. 
Materials of gold, silver, and precious stone David had pre- 
pared for it. Leads princes and people to make large offerings 
willingly. Thanksgiving and prayer. Response of the people. 
Last charge to Solomon (personal), I Kings 2: 1-9. Death, 
vs. 26-30. Buried, I Kings 2:10. 

" David's psalms had ne'er been sung, 
If David's heart had not been wrung." 

Early life: Shepherd, Ps. 8, 19, 23, 29. 

Court life: Persecution by Saul, Ps. 5, 41, 59, 69, 140. 

Exile life: Ps. 7, 34, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 142. 

Deliverance from all enemies, Ps. 18. Joab's victory over 
Edom in the valley of salt, Ps. 60. Bitter anguish for sin, 
Ps. 38, 6, 51. Blessedness of pardon, Ps. 32. Festival occa- 
sions, Ps. 13, 20, 21, 24, 68, 122. Flight from Absalom, Ps. 3, 
4, 26, 27, 28, 55, 62, 63. 

Messianic. — (a) Royal, Ps. 2, 18, 20, 45, 61, 72, no. (b) 
Passion, Ps. 22, 69, 109, 35, 41, 55. 

THE BOOKS OF KINGS 

Originally one book, but was divided in the Septuagint into 
two — I and II Kings. 

The Regal Period of Israelite History. — Political. From the 
death of David, 1022 (the accession of Solomon), to the Baby- 
lonian captivity, 586 — a period of 436 years. 

Authorship. — The unity of purpose, of language, of history, 
without any break, proves one writer or compiler — Jeremiah or 
Ezra. 

Sources and Materials. — State annals, official records: 



THE; HEBREW MONARCHY 53 

(1) "The Book of the Acts of Solomon" (I Kings 11:41). 

(2) " The Chronicles of the Kings of Judah " (I Kings 14: 29, 
etc.), quoted fifteen times. (3) " The Book of the Chronicles 
of the Kings of Israel " (I Kings 14: 19, etc.), quoted seven- 
teen times. In addition, the separate works of the several 
prophets of those times were probably used. 

Date of Composition. — Not earlier than 562 (II Kings 25 : 27), 
nor later than 536 (close of the exile, to which there is no 
reference). 

Plan. — To show the growth and decay of the kingdom, and 
to indicate the influences which controlled the history. To 
exhibit the nature of the divine government under which the 
people were placed, and the development of their religious 
life. One fundamental point is never lost sight of: God's 
promise of perpetuity to the house of David (repeated in 
I Kings 11:4; 11:34-39; 15: 4» 51 II Kings 8:19; 19:34; 
20: 6) down to the very close, when a gleam of hope shines 
through the exile (II Kings 25: 27-30). 

Central Thought. — The promise is the thread running 
through the history from Solomon to the captivity. 

" He rules the world with truth and grace, 
And makes the nations prove 
The glories of His righteousness 
And wonders of His love." 

Divisions. — (1 ) Reign of Solomon. The undivided kingdom 
at its greatest height of power (I Kings 1: 11). (2) The co- 
existing kingdoms of Judah and Israel (I Kings 12; II Kings 
17)- (3) The kingdom of Judah until the Babylonian exile 
(II Kings 18-25). 

The Prophetic Office. — Assumed special prominence. The 
prophets were the privy councillors of kings, the historians 
of the nation, the instructors of the people. The writings of 
the prophets of this period are of special value, being con- 
temporaneous documents bearing upon those very matters 
which are represented as most vital in the history. 

Authenticity. — The Divine authority is attested by the many 
predictions they contain. Confirmed by the corresponding 



54 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

testimonies of ancient profane writers. The accuracy of the 
books has been confirmed by the monuments, particularly 
those of Assyria. 

Contents. — Should be studied in connection with the parallel 
passages in Chronicles, and the later part with the con- 
temporary prophets. The history is a conflict between faith 
and infidelity, between the worship of Jehovah, the Supreme 
Eternal Source of Life, and Baal, the personification of the 
powers of nature. 

Special Prayers. — I Kings 17: 20; 18: 36, 37; 19:4; 3: 6-9; 
8:23-61. 

THE BOOKS OF CHRONICLES (Ecclesiastical) 

I and II Chronicles form one book among the ancient Jews, 
and are called " The Acts or Annals of the Days," i. e., 
diaries or journals. In the Greek and Latin Bibles they are 
called " the things omitted." St. Jerome named them 
" Chronicles," " a chronicle of the whole of sacred history." 

Authorship. — Jewish tradition ascribes the compilation to 
Ezra, in part, at least, from the same sources as Kings, the 
various annals of the monarchy. More sources are given for 
the materials of Chronicles than for any other book of the 
Bible. Samuel — Kings, state annals, called Book of the 
Chronicles of the Kings, a series of prophetic monographs of 
Nathan, Samuel, Gad, Ahijah, Iddo, Jehu, Isaiah. The 
Historical Books of Scripture from Genesis to Ruth. 

Date. — Probably 588. 

Object. — In view of the wants of the exiles returned from 
Babylon the writer aims — 

I. To fix the genealogy of the Hebrews, that the line of the 
Messiah might not be in confusion. 

II. To describe the original distribution of the lands among 
the tribes and families, that to each the ancient inheritance 
might revert. 

III. The maintenance of the temple service and of the 
payment of tithes required strict proof of hereditary descent 
on the part of the officiating priests and Levites. Its purpose 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 55 

was to inspire the restored exiles with the principles by which 
alone the nation could prosper, and encourage them in faith- 
fulness to God and to walk in the ways of religion, morals, 
happiness, and peace. 

Contents. — Part I (I Chron. 1-9) : Genealogical tables and 
the settlements of the various tribes. 

Part II (I Chron. 10-29): History of David's reign. 

Part III (II Chron. 1-9): Reign of Solomon. 

Part IV (II Chron. 10-36): History of the kings of Judah 
up to the captivity. 

They are an abridgment of the whole of the sacred history 
from Adam down to the Restoration, more especially tracing 
the history of the Hebrew nation from its origin. 

Time Covered. — About 3500 years (not less than 3468 years). 
An ecclesiastical history here begins, which continues un- 
broken to the end of the book of Nehemiah. 

Omissions. — I. The history of Israel is significantly omitted, 
save as essentially connected with the kingdom of Judah. 

II. All record of the sinful acts and conquered misfortunes 
of David's reign. 

III. Solomon's judgment, administration, and sin. 

IV. The matters connected with Hadad and Rezin. 
Characteristics. — A peculiar stress on religious observance. 

The details of the temple worship. The arrangements of the 
courses of the priests. A constant desire to ascribe all the 
events narrated to the Divine agency. The Divine favor is 
directly dependent on the faithfulness of rulers and people 
to the original covenant. Divine punishment is the natural 
result of unfaithfulness. 

Note the Special Prayers. — I Chron. 4: 10; 29: 10-19; 
II Chron. 14: 11; 30: 18, 19; 20: 6-12. 

REIGN OF SOLOMON (1022-982) 

The Golden Age of Israel 

" The kingdom had reached its highest glory and widest 
extent at the death of David. The fullest development of 



56 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

material prosperity and greatest splendor are associated with 
the reign of Solomon." 

Solomon, "The Peaceful," I Chron. 22:9. Jedediah, 
" Beloved of the Lord " (name given by Nathan), II Sam'l 
12: 25. 

Birth. — About 1041, in Jerusalem. The first son of David 
and Bathsheba after their legal marriage. 

Training. — " He was placed under the care and training 
of the prophet Nathan, a faithful, pure, and wise teacher. 
He would be brought up thus in the religion and learning of 
the Jews. 

The Reign of Solomon, I Kings chs. 1-11; II Chron. 1-9. 

Solomon's Accession. — Adonijah's usurpation and failure, 
I Kings 1 : 5-53. Solomon anointed king, vs. 33-39; I Chron. 
23: 1; 28:5. Ratification assembly, I Chron. 28: 1-10. 

David's Charge to Solomon, I Kings 2: 1-11; I Chron. 22: 6- 
16; 28: 9, 10, 20. Adonijah, Joab, Shimei, Barzillai, vs. 12-46. 

Alliance with Egypt. Marries Pharaoh's daughter, ch. 3:1. 

Gib eon. Five or six miles north of Jerusalem, II Chron. 
1:1—5. Great religious assembly. Solomon's offering, 
I Kings 3 : 4. The Lord appears (first) to Solomon, ch. 3 : 5- 
15; II Chron. 1 : 7-12. His choice of wisdom. Tested, 3: 16- 
28. (Matt. 6:33.) 

The Grandeur of the Kingdom. — Organized government, 
administrative ability. Princes, I Kings 4: 1-6. Commis- 
sary department, vs. 7-19, 22, 23. Stables, vs. 26-28. 
Peace, vs. 20, 25. Extent of the kingdom, vs. 21, 24. (Draw 
a map.) Strength and wealth, II Chron. 1 : 13-17. Wisdom, 
I Kings 4:29-34; 5:7, 12; 10:23, 24; II Chron. 9:22, 23. 
These passages show the general scope of his wisdom and the 
fame thereof, and his scientific and literary knowledge. " The 
first great naturalist of the world." " The founder of Hebrew 
architecture, he was also the father of Hebrew philosophy." 
Proverbs. Ecclesiastes. " From the oratory of David we 
now proceed to the school of Solomon, to find in the son of the 
greatest of theologians the first of philosophers " (Michaelis). 
Poetry, Ps. 72, 127. Song of songs. 

" The reign of Solomon has sometimes been called the 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 57 

Augustan Age of the Jewish nation. Solomon was not only 
its Augustus, but its Aristotle. A new world of thought was 
opened to the Israelites. The curtain which divided them 
from the surrounding nations was suddenly rent asunder. 
The wonders of Egypt, the commerce of Tyre, the romance 
of Arabia, nay, it is even possible the Homeric age of Greece, 
became visible " (Stanley). 

A greater than Solomon, Matt. 12 : 42. Christ, the wisdom 
of God and the power of God, Prov. ch. 8; I Cor. 1: 1-24; 
2:6, 7 ; Col. 2 : 3 ; I Cor. 1 : 30. 

New Religious Era. — In the midst of the greatest national 
prosperity and the widest extent of territory came also a new 
religious era, one of the most important in the history of the 
nation. 

Solomon's Temple. — David the proposer, II Sam'l 7:2; 

I Chron. 17: 1. Not permitted the honor of building, 

II Sam'l 7: 5, 12, 13; I Kings 5: 3; I Kings 8: 17, 18; I Chron. 
28:3. David's throne established forever, II Sam'l 7:16. 
Solomon, the founder, chosen of God, I Chron. 28: 10. The 
pattern the Lord made. . . . 28 : 19. Gifts: David's, 
I Chron. 29: 1-5; people's, vs. 6-9. 

" David had gathered immense sums of gold and silver, 
worth hundreds of millions of dollars, besides iron and brass 
beyond counting, and cedar from Mt. Lebanon and marble 
building stones." Determined purpose, II Chron. 2: 1. 
The glory of Israel was its religion. (The temple is the one 
remnant of Hebrew architecture. The best model of the 
temple was placed in the school at Northfield, Mass., and a 
fine booklet (model, etc.) can be obtained at the bookstore 
there.) 

Purpose. — An eternal dwelling-place of Jehovah. (Christ, 
the true Temple.) To unify the nation and the worship of 
Jehovah, one place, chosen by Jehovah. Hiram, king of 
Tyre (" ever a lover of David "), I Kings 5:1. 

Solomon's message, II Chron. 2:3-10. "Answered in 
writing," vs. 11-16; I Kings 5:7-11. League, v. 12. Their 
workmen, vs. 13-17. Began to build, II Chron. 3:1. The 
site, v. 1; II Sam'l 24:17-25; I Chron. 21:18-30. "The 



58 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

rugged top of Moriah was leveled with immense labor; its 
sides, which to the east and south were precipitous, were 
faced with a wall of stone, built up perpendicular from the 
bottom of the valley, so as to appear to those who looked down 
of most terrific height — a work of prodigious skill and labor, 
as the immense stones were strongly mortised together and 
wedged into the rock" (Milman). (Christ, the foundation, 
I Cor. 3:11.) "Probably the platform constructed by 
Solomon's engineers was an area of about 12 acres, or a quad- 
rangle of 900 feet by 600 " (James Sime). 

Its Size and Shape. — " In all its dimensions — length, 
breadth, and height — the sanctuary itself was exactly double 
those of the tabernacle " (" Pulpit Commentary "). 

The Ground Plan. — (Students will make diagrams.) Porch. 
Holy Place. Holy of Holies. Chambers for the priests, 

I Kings 6:5-10. Secular and business side of life. Pillars 
in front of the porch, I Kings 7:21; II Chron. 3: 17. Jachin 
and Boaz. Conscience and will. 

Outer Court, I Kings 8:64; II Chron. 7:7. Free to all 
people. They come under the influences of pure religion. 
Inner Court, I Kings 6: 36 (the court of the priests), 

II Chron. 4: 9. In this court were: (1) The great brazen 
altar of sacrifice, II Chron. 4:1. Sacrifice for sin, atonement. 
Consecration. (2) The great brazen sea on twelve brass oxen, 
II Chron. 4:2-5. (3) Ten lavers, II Chron. 4:6. (The 
" washing of regeneration.") 

Porch — entrance to the Divine life. 

Holy Place, II Chron. 3:551 Kings 6: 16. (1) Ten candle- 
sticks, II Chron. 4: 7. (Light, spiritual.) (2) Ten tables, 
II Chron. 4: 8. (Bread of life.) (3) Altar of incense, v. 19, 

I Kings 7: 48. (Prayer.) Vail, II Chron. 3: 14. 

Holy of Holies. — (1) Cherubim, II Chron. 3: 10-13. (2) 
Ark of the covenant, II Chron. 5:7-10. (God's abiding 
presence; holy covenant of mercy; perfect law.) Reverent 
quiet of the work, I Kings 6:7. Building of souls; silent 
forces. Quarries — the world, living stones. Time of build- 
ing, I Kings 7:37, 38. Dedicated treasures, I Kings 7:51; 

II Chron. 5:1. 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 59 

Magnificence. — " Alone and isolated in its grandeur stood 
the temple mount. Terrace upon terrace its courts rose, till, 
high above the city, withing the enclosure of marble cloisters, 
the temple itself stood out, a mass of snowy marble and of 
gold, glittering in the sunlight against the half-encircling green 
background of Olivet. . . . Nor has there been in ancient 
or modern times a sacred building equal to the temple, whether 
for situation or magnificence " (Edersheim). 

Dedication Ceremonies, I Kings ch. 8; II Chron. chs. 5, 6, 7. 
Bringing the ark of the covenant into the temple (8 : 1-1 1 ) and 
the tabernacle of the congregation. The procession, II Chron. 
5:4-6. The great orchestra and chorus of 4000 musicians 
and singers chanting such as Ps. 47, 98, 99, 107, 118, 136, on 
the theme, " For his mercy endureth forever." Placing the 
ark into the Holy of Holies, vs. 11-14. " It came to pass " 
. . . " that then the cloud filled the house of the Lord." 
His acceptance, II Chron. ch. 6. Sentences, the king facing 
the sanctuary (vs. 1, 2), turns and blesses the congregation, 
all standing, v. 3. Address by Solomon standing, vs. 4-1 1. 
Dedicatory prayer kneeling, vs. 14-40 (v. 13). Conception 
of God, vs. 14-21. "Arise, O God," vs. 41, 42 (Ps. 132). 
Fire descended, the glory filled the house, ch. 7:1-3. " For 
His mercy endureth forever," by the congregation. Closing 
address (I Kings 8:54-61) standing. (Professor Willis J. 
Beecher's arrangement.) 

Solemn sacrifice. Feast of Tabernacles. Feast of Dedica- 
tion of Altar, 7 : 4-1 1 . The Lord appears (second) to Solomon, 
I Kings 9: 1-9; II Chron. 7: 12-22. A conditional covenant. 

The Glories of Solomon's Reign. — Besides the temple, the 
royal palaces, I Kings 7: 1 ; II Chron. 8:1. The house of the 
forest of Lebanon, I Kings 7: 2-7. 

Enlargement and Beautifying of Jerusalem, I Kings 9:24; 
11: 27. (Millo refers to a fortress or castle, probably one of 
the defenses of Jerusalem, as its only vulnerable point on the 
north.) 

Waterworks. — Costly and magnificent covered aqueducts, 
the first known in history. " This water supply enabled 
Jerusalem to endure long and obstinate sieges." 



60 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Fortresses. — The whole territory was protected for the first 
time by strongholds. The tower of David, near the house 
of the forest, shone with a glory beyond any other, from the 
number and variety of its glittering ornaments, I Kings 10: 
16, 17; II Chron. 9: 15, 16. 

The Navy and Commerce. — " By the league with Tyre, 
Solomon had a wide-extended commerce. Their ships sailed 
as far west as Spain, perhaps beyond, along the coast of 
France to the British Isles, southward along the African shore, 
probably to the gold coast, down to the Red Sea, along the 
shores of Arabia and eastern Africa and the Persian Gulf, and 
without doubt to some part of India. There was inland 
commerce with Egypt, and caravans across the Arabian 
desert," I Kings 4: 26; 10: 26-29; II Chron. 1: 14-17. 

Revenue and Splendors, I Kings 10: 27. 

Religious Services. — Kept the three great feasts and sus- 
tained the priests in their daily temple services, I Kings 
9: 25; II Chron. 8: 12-16. Visit of Queen of Sheba, I Kings 
10: 1-10; II Chron. 9: 1-12. Solomon vs. lilies, Matt. 6: 29. 
Solomon in all his glory (Kccles. 2 : 4-9) " was not arrayed 
like one of these." 

Close of Solomon's Reign. — Decline. " King Solomon loved 
many strange women" (Deut. 17: 17), I Kings 11: 1-3 (no 
parallel account in Chronicles). His wives turned away his 
heart (v. 3) after other gods (v. 4). Built high places for 
them, vs. 4-8. Jehovah angry, threatens him, vs. 9-13. 
Stirred up adversaries against him: Hadad, the Edomite, 
vs. 14-22; Rezon, vs. 23-25; Jeroboam, most dreaded ad- 
versary, vs. 26-40. 

Consequences of his Sin. — A divided kingdom, vs. 31, 32-36. 
" David . . . may have a light alway before me in Jeru- 
salem, the city which I have chosen me to put my name there." 

983. Length of reign. Death. Burial, vs. 42, 43. 

THE DIVIDED KINGDOM 

From the disruption, 982 B. C, to the fall of Samaria, 718 
(264 years); and thence to the fall of Jerusalem, 586 (134 
years), I Kings 12; II Kings 25; II Chron, 10-36 (historical). 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 6 1 

Epochs. — The space is marked by four clearly denned 
epochs : 

I. Mutual Hostility — to the beginning of Ahab's reign, 
925 B. C. 

II. Close Alliance and United Hostility to Syria. — In Israel, 
the whole duration of the house of Omri; in Judah, to the 
beginning of the reign of the boy-king, Joash, 886. 

III. Mutual Hostilities Renewed, and the gradual decline 
of both kingdoms before the advancing power of the Assyrian 
and Bab3donian Empires, to 718. 

IV. Struggle for National Existence on the part of Judah 
against Assyria and Egypt alternately; and afterward against 
the Chaldeans, to 586. 

Study: (a) Israel's history; Judah's history, (b) Kings of 
Israel: dynasties, character; kings and priests of Judah: 
character, II Sam'l 7:12-16; the "Everlasting Covenant" 
with David, II Sam'l 23 : 5 ; I Kings 1 1 : 36; 15:4. (c) Proph- 
ets of Israel; of Judah. (d) Religion of Israel; of Judah. 
(e) Relations of the kingdoms to each other. (/) Relations 
of the kingdoms to foreign nations. 

Monuments. — The knowledge derived from the monuments 
is particularly valuable in showing the causes that brought 
about those conflicts with foreign powers, .and in fixing with 
greater precision important dates. 

Inscription of Shishak in temple of Karnak — Rehoboam. 

The Moabite Stone — Omri. 

The Black Obelisk, Taylor Cylinder, many others. 

" The Burden of the Old Testament" (W. W. White). — 
" (1) To exhibit the only living and true God, as the Creator 
and Governor of the world; in his holiness, justice, and spon- 
taneous love unweariedly occupied with some effort of grace. 

" (2) To exhibit men in general, and the Jew in particular, 
as inexcusably wicked, swinishly treading under foot the 
pearls of privilege which Heaven again and again offers." 

" The story of the Jewish nation becomes the drama of the 
continually repeated fall and restoration of humanity; each 
may read in it the story of his own experience." 



62 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 



Epoch I. — Hostility Between the Two Kingdoms, 982-925 

982. The Disruption, I Kings 1 1 : 29-37 ; 12 : 1-15 ; II Chron. 
11:3, 4. Rehoboam's great opportunity. Greatness of the 
kingdom in size, wealth, and possibilities. 

Result of the disruption. " The Christian historian, who 
recognizes that the function of the chosen race was to be 
the custodian of the oracles of God; and source, according 
to the flesh, of the Saviour of the world, can easily perceive 
that this was, humanly speaking, rendered possible only by 
that checking of the material development of the nation of 
Israel which resulted from the disruption of Solomon's empire" 
(Hastings' " Bible Dictionary "). Contrast the two king- 
doms, as to size, condition of land, historical places, govern- 
ment, people, religion, defenses. One fact to be noted is 
that Judah had the temple, centralized worship, and splendid 
capital. 

982. Rehoboam (Judah), I Kings 12:1-24; 14:21-31; 
II Chron. chs. 10-12. Attempt to force the ten tribes into 
subjection, v. 18. 

966. Shemaiah, vs. 15, 21-24. Fortifications, energy, 
ability, II Chron. 1 1 : 5-12. Influx of Levites and pious people 
from Israel. Invasion of Shishak, I Kings 14: 25-28. (Monu- 
ment, Karnak, Egypt.) Tendency to idolatry, I Kings 
14: 22-24. Prophets: Shemaiah, Princes of Judah, II Chron. 
12:5-8, 12. (Lesson, Choices.) 

965. Abijam (Judah), I Kings 15: 1-8; II Chron. 13: 1-22. 
" Jah is my father." Defeated Jeroboam. Railing address, 
13:4-12. 

963. Copied idolatries of Rehoboam, vs. 3, 4. " Trusted 
God in an emergency." 

982. Jeroboam (Israel dynasty), I Kings 11:26-40; 
12:19, 20, 25-33. Prophets: Ahijah, 11:26-40. Man of 
God from Judah. 

Introduced idolatry. " Worldly policy " vs. " obedience 
to God." Built Shechem, capital. Exodus of Levites 
and religious people. Jeroboam pilloried as the one " who 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 63 

made Israel to sin," Lev. 26: 1-45; Deut. 8: 1-20; II Kings 
28: 15-48. (Lesson, Worship.) 

961 to 960. Nadab (Israel), I Kings 15:25-31. Fulfilled 
in his brief reign and tragic death the doom which Ahijah 
had prophesied as punishment for his father's sins and his 
own. Dynasty of Jeroboam destroyed, I Kings 14: 7-9. 
" Sin, when it is finished, bringeth forth death." 

962. Asa (Judah), I Kings 15: 9-24; II Chron. chs. 14-16. 
Prophets: Hanani, Azariah. 

948. Great religious revival. " Kingdom was quiet " 
(ten years), II Chron. 14: 1. " The Lord had given him rest," 
v. 6. Military preparations. Defeats Zerah, the Ethiopian 
(Osorkon I, successor of Shishak, king of Egypt), II Chron. 
14: 9-15. Asa " cried unto the Lord." " The sole occasion 
in sacred history in which an Israelite army met and defeated 
one of the great world powers in open battle " (Farrar). 
" The victory was so decisive that Egypt did not send an 
army into Palestine for three centuries." Prophet Azariah's 
stirring address, II Chron 15 : 1-7. " More than conquerors." 
Great covenant festival, II Chron. 15: 12-15. 

Decline of Faith. — Baasha makes war upon Judah. Asa 
seeks help of Ben-hadad, king of Syria, II Chron. 16: 1-6. 
Hanani, the prophet, rebukes him, vs. 7-10. Imprisons 
Hanani. (This tendency to seek foreign allies proved itself 
both foolish and disastrous in later Hebrew history.) The 
remainder of his reign fulfilled Hanani's prophecy. Long 
sickness. Death — remarkable funeral. (" He that endureth 
to the end.") 

960. Baasha (Israel, II Dynasty), I Kings 15:27-34; 
16: 1-7; II Chron. 16: 1-6. Prophet, Jehu. Usurper. 
Prophecy of Ahijah the Shilonite fulfilled. Civil wars. 
Waged war with Judah, v. 32. 

937. Doom of extinction of his house pronounced by the 
young prophet Jehu, I Kings 16: 1-4, 7. 

Elah (Israel), I Kings 16: 8-14. A violent death in the 
midst of a drunken revel, at the hand of Zimri, one of his 
generals. Civil wars. 



64 teachkr-training studies 

936. Zimri (Israel, III Dynasty), I Kings 16: 15-20 (seven 
days). Executed Jehu's prophecy. 

Omri and Tibni (Israel). Civil war for four years. Omri, 
the choice of the army; Tibni, of the people. Army victorious. 
Death of Tibni. 

936 to 925. Omri (Israel, IV Dynasty), I Kings 16: 23-28. 
" Dynasty of Omri lasted sixty-four years. He founded the 
most conspicuous dynasty of Israel, and so completely identi- 
fied himself with the northern kingdom that it was known to 
the Assyrians as the house of Omri ' ' (Farrar) . Built Samaria ; 
capital. Shechem, Tirzah. Wrought evil. " Walked in all 
the way of Jeroboam." " Provoked the Lord to anger." 
Outward prosperity. Warred with Syria. Subdued Moab, 
and put it under tribute. The Moabite Stone (B. C. 850). 
Mesha, king of Moab, to commemorate his deliverance from 
the yoke imposed by Omri ; mentions Omri and Jehovah ; con- 
firms history and geography of the Old Testament. 

Epoch II. — Close Alliance and United Hostility to Syria, 

918-878 

925. Ahab (Israel), I Kings 16:29-34; chs. 17-22:40. 
Prophets: The great prophet Elijah, Obadiah, Micaiah. 

904. A crisis in Hebrew history. A battle between 
Jehovah and Baal. Ahab's sins, I Kings 16: 30-34; I Kings 
21:25,26. (Enumerate them.) Jezebel, the source of 
Ahab's chief sins. The first recorded supporter of religious 
persecution. (Note the downward and cumulative power of 
sin. Trace the influences from Jezebel, which were destroy- 
ing both kingdoms.) 

Elijah, the Tishbite 

" The true lesson of his life," " because he stood for God, 
he could dare, under the most extraordinary circumstances of 
strain and peril, to stand alone " (Tuck). 

His message to Ahab, I Kings 17: 1; Deut. 28: 15. " The 
LORD " (Jehovah), their God's distinctive name; " the use of 
it was a reminder that Israel was a Covenant people." (Trace 



Dyn a sti< 



ISRAEL 



Je.ob, 
982 





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Baasha 

960 


£ 


j 


Omri 
936 


Ahab 
92S 


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Jehoram 
904 


Jehu 
892 


Jehoabaz 
864 


Joa.h 

84r 


Jeroboam 
832 B 


N 


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I 


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Ho.b. 
726 



CHART OF 
KINGDOMS OF 
SRAEL AND JUDAH 




JUDAH 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 65 

the influences from Elijah and Elisha which led to the annihila- 
tion of the workers of iniquity. Make a sketch map of 
Elijah's journeys.) Elijah training in secret. By the brook 
Cherith at Zarephath. " Go, shew thyself unto Ahab," 

I Kings 18: 1. Meeting with Obadiah; with Ahab. Elijah's 
bold challenge, I Kings 18: 17-19. The test of fire, vs. 20-40. 
The crisis of Ahab's reign and of Elijah's career. Overthrow 
of foreign Baal- worship. Top of Mt. Carmel; vs. 41-46; Jas. 
5: 17, 18. The angry Jezebel. Elijah's flight to Beersheba 
(95 miles). Wilderness of Paran. Ministering angels, Heb. 
1: 14. 

Unto Horeb, the Mt. of God (200 miles), I Kings 19: 8-18 
(40 days). 

New revelation from Jehovah. New start in work. Return 
to wilderness of Damascus. Three commissions: I. Anoint 
Hazael to be king over Syria. II. Anoint Jehu to be king over 
Israel. III. Anoint Elisha " to be prophet in thy room." 

Wars. — Ahab's three campaigns. (Note causes, circum- 
stances, results.) 

(1) Ben-hadad, king of Syria, I Kings 20: 1-2 1. The 
prophet. 

(2) Ben-hadad, I Kings 20: 26-30. Ahab's fatal error, vs. 
31-43. Elijah, the avenger of Naboth, I Kings ch. 21. God's 
judgment, vs. 17-24. Ahab's repentance, judgment deferred, 
vs. 27-29. " And they continued three years without war 
between Syria and Israel," I Kings 22: 1. 

(3) Ramoth-gilead. Ahab and his ally, Jehoshaphat, king 
of Judah, I Kings ch. 22. Four hundred false prophets vs. 
Micaiah. The moral heroism of Micaiah. " The severity 
of the test was that the encounter was with men who professed 
themselves to be, even as he was, prophets of Jehovah." 
Narrow escape of Jehoshaphat. Death of Ahab, " according 
unto the word of the Lord which he spake " (v. 38), fulfilling 
all the prophecies of Elijah, of the disguised prophet, and of 
Micaiah. 

921. Jehoshaphat (Judah), I Kings 15:24; 22:1-50; 

II Chron. 17-21 : 1. Prophets: Jehu, the son of Hanani, 
Eliezer. 

5 



66 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Exalted the kingdom in internal purity and in power 
against external foes. Methods: I Chron. 17: 1-6. " Strength- 
ened himself against Israel," v. 1. "Forces," "garrisons." 
" Sought to the Lord God of his father." " Heart lifted up in 
the way of the Lord." " The Lord stablished the kingdom in 
his hand." 

Good government and prosperity; " riches and honor in 
abundance," v. 5. " First great Sabbath-school missionary 
movement," in the third year of his reign, vs. 7-9. 

" The fear of the Lord fell upon all the kingdoms," etc., v. 
10; remnant of the Sodomites, I Kings 22-46; Philistines, 
Arabians, 17:11. "Waxed great." Military organization, 
vs. 12-19. " Seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his 
righteousness, and all these things shall be added unto you." 
" Jehoshaphat was alone counted worthy in later ages to 
rank with Hezekiah and Josiah among the most pious rulers 
of the Davidic line " (Farrar). 

His Sin. — "Joined affinity with Ahab," II Chron. 18: 1. 
Cemented by the marriage of his son Jehoram to Athaliah, 
daughter of Ahab and Jezebel, II Kings 8: 16-18; II Chron. 
21: 6. A fatal alliance. " Yet the Lord would not destroy 
Judah for David his servant's sake, as he promised him to give 
him alway a light and to his children," I Kings 8: 19. (Trace 
the serious disasters of this fatal sin.) Visited Samaria. 
Leagued with Ahab against Syria, II Chron. 18. Ramoth- 
gilead. (See under Ahab. Recall Micaiah's prophecy.) 
Defeat of the allies — Jehoshaphat's bare escape. Jehoshaphat 
returns in peace to Jerusalem, II Chron. 19. Jehu rebukes 
him. (Jehu, a prophet of the northern kingdom who predicted 
the downfall and destruction of the dynasty of Baasha, 
I Kings 16: 1-7, 12.) "Wrath upon thee." " Good things 
found in thee." " Prepared thine heart to seek God," vs. 
2, 3. Repentance. Religious reform. Judicial, the Su- 
preme Court, vs. 4-1 1. 

The Hallelujah victory, II Chron. ch. 20. Moab, Ammon, 
and others wage war at Engedi. Fast proclaimed. Jehosha- 
phat's prayer. Jahaziel's inspired prophecy: " Ye shall 
not . . . fight . . . stand still, and see the salva- 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 67 

tion of the Lord." Victory (Ps. 136). Thanksgiving ser- 
vice in " the valley of Berachah." Return unto Jerusalem 
" unto the house of the Lord," v. 28. " Fear of God on 
all the kingdoms of those countries," v. 29. " So the realm 
of Jehoshaphat was quiet, for his God gave him rest round 
about," v. 30. "After this," vs. 35-37, joined himself with 
Azariah, king of Israel (" who did very wickedly"), in a great 
commercial navy. Eliezer prophesied against him. Vessels 
wrecked. Joined Jehoram (another son of Ahab) with Edorn 
against Mesha, king of Moab, II Kings 3: 1-27. Elisha's 
prophecy, vs. 13, 14. Promise of victory fulfilled. 

897. Death—" buried in the city of David," ch. 21:1. 

" Jehoshaphat was certainly the ablest and most energetic 
king that had reigned over Judah since the time of Solomon. 
While it cannot be denied that the one fatal mistake which he 
made in 'joining affinity with Ahab' had, in the course of time, 
disastrous consequences, leading, as it did, to the destruction of 
the temple, the complete apostasy of the State, during the 
space of six years, and the almost entire destruction of the 
seed of David, yet the immediate results were, in a worldly 
point of view, advantageous " (Deane). 

Sons of Ahab: Ahaziah, Jehoram. 

905 to 904. Ahaziah (Israel), I Kings 22:40; 51-53; 
II Kings 1:1-18. "Did evil in the sight of the Lord"; 
" walked in the way of his father " . . . "of mother," 
" of Jeroboam," provoked to anger the Lord God of Israel, 
according to all that his father had done." Moab rebelled 
against Israel. Ahaziah, sick, sends to inquire of the god of 
Ekron. Elijah's rebuke of the king, vs. 3-18. " His death," 
" according to the word of the Lord which Elijah had spoken," 
v. 17. " Because he had no son." Jehoram reigned. Elijah 
translated. Close of the career of the greatest prophet of the 
Old Testament, II Kings 2: 1-11. Went up by a whirlwind 
into heaven." Reappeared nine centuries later, on the 
Mt. of Transfiguration, Matt. 17: 1-9; John the Baptist, " in 
the spirit and power of Elijah," Luke 1: 17; Matt. 11: 14; 
17: 10-12, 3, 4; Mai. 4:5; John 1: 21-25. 

904. Jehoram (Israel), II Kings 1: 17; ch. 3; ch. 9: 14-26. 



68 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

893. Partial religious reform. King of Moab rebelled 
against the king of Israel, 3:4, 5. Jehoram, joined by 
Jehoshaphat and the king of Kdom, seek Blisha's presence and 
help, 6-27. (Note vs. 13, 14.) 

Prophet Elisha. Reigns of Jehoram, Jehu, Jehoahaz, 
Jehoash. Ministry began at Jericho. Home: Samaria, 
Dothan. Resting-places. Shunem and the schools of the 
prophets, II Kings 2: 9-2653: 13-2054: 1-4415: 1-2756: 1-33; 
7: 1-20; 8: 1-15; 9: 1-3; 13: 14. (1) The healing of the 
spring at Jericho. (2) Mockers at Bethel. (3) War. 
Victory of the three kings over Moab. (4) The widow's oil. 
(5) Shunammite and son. (6) Poisoned pottage. (7) Multi- 
plied loaves. (8) The healing of Naaman — " a great man with 
his master, the king of Syria." (9) Swimming of the axe-head. 
(10) Horses and chariots of fire in the mountain, ch. 6. " Let 
all you tell be truth," vs. 19, 20. (11) The siege of Samaria; 
four lepers. (12) Return of the Shunammite after seven 
years' famine. (13) The visit of Elisha to Damascus, II Kings 
8: 7. Ben-hadad II, king of Syria, sick, sends Hazael with a 
present to Elisha, vs. 8-15. (Note vs. 11-13.) With them 
study I Kings 19: 15. "It is not possible to mistake the 
character of the series of miracles which Elisha wrought. 
From first to last they bear upon them all the attributes of 
visitations of mercy. They are the very opposite of the 
judicial inflictions with which, through Elijah, God sought to 
punish evil and overawe the guilty " (Wilberf orce) . 

" The degradation of the Israelitish people at that time, 
their low, sensual idolatry, their reverence for evil powers, 
needed acts of this kind (Elisha) to establish, as no words 
or argument could, the proof of an actual and gracious ruler." 

The kingdom of Ben-hadad II of Syria (capital at Damascus) 
joined Israel on the north, lying between Israel and the rising 
power of Assyria on the northeast. " For half a generation 
Ben-hadad and his allies had successfully defied the whole 
power of the Assyrian Empire " (Naaman, II Kings 5:1). The 
" Black Obelisk " and the Assyrian records throw light on 
these times. Jehoram's tragic death, I Kings 8: 28; 9: 16-26. 

Sons of Jehoshaphat: Jehoram, Ahaziah. 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 69 

900. Co-Regent Jehoram (Judah), II Kings 8: 16-24; 
II Chron. 21. 

Prophet Elijah. A letter written to him, the only known 
writing of Elijah, II Chron. 21:12-15. Licentious wor- 
ship, II Chron. 21:11, 13. "The daughter of Ahab was 
his wife," 8: 18. " For David, his servant's sake." Ava- 
ricious, cruel, bloodthirsty, II Chron. 21:4, 13. Edom 
revolted, 8-10. Philistine and Arabian invasion, 22 : 16, 
17. " The Lord stirred up against Jehoram." Terrible 
death — unhonored burial. " Departed without being de- 
sired." 

892. Ahaziah (Judah), II Kings 8: 24-29; II Chron. 22: 1- 
9. " His mother (Athaliah) was his counsellor to do wickedly." 
" Like the house of Ahab, for they were his counsellors after 
the death of his father to his destruction." " The destruc- 
tion of Ahaziah was of God." " He went out with Jehoram, 
against Jehu, whom the Lord had anointed to cut off the house 
of Ahab." " Buried with his fathers in the city of David — 
because of Jehoshaphat. These evils can all be traced to 
Jehoshaphat's fatal mistake. The worse the times, the 
brighter the prophetic light. 

" The moral and political cancer of heathenism had invaded 
the last sanctuary of Jehovah worship. The national faith 
was in danger of being driven from the land. All was at 
stake. Religion, and even the nation itself, must perish, if 
the family of Ahab continued to reign " (Geikie). 

Epoch III. — Mutual Hostilities Renewed 

The gradual decline of both kingdoms, before the advancing 
power of the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires to 718. 

892. Jehu (Israel, V Dynasty), II Kings 9: 1-37; 10: 1-36; 
II Chron, 22 : 7-9. Shalmaneser II, king of Assyria, 860-825. 

865. Rejection of Ahab's house. Jehu anointed king over 
Israel. Revolution in the kingdom. Kills Jehoram, vs. 25, 
26; prediction (I Kings 21:19) fulfilled. End of Jezebel; 
fulfilment of curse, vs. 36, 37. Destruction of the whole house 
of Ahab, according to the saying of the Lord, which He 



70 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

spake to Elijah, I Kings 21:21. Destruction of the worshipers 
of Baal, v. 28. Jehu followed Jeroboam's sins, II Kings 
10:29, 31. The Lord's promise to Jehu — "children of the 
fourth generation ... on the throne of Israel," 10: 30. 

War. " The Lord began to cut Israel short." Smitten 
by Hazael, king of Syria, vs. 32, 33. Death — burial in 
Samaria. 

Jehu was God's instrument for exterminating the leaven 
of idolatry which was ruining both kingdoms. 

" There may be in the most ruffianly and brutal characters 
not merely strength, but an intense hatred of hypocrisy, a 
determination to put it down, not for selfish ends, but because 
it is hateful — which determination is good and inspired of God. 
These characters — with something devilish lying close beside 
something which is really divine. It is in the quiet time that a 
man is tested. Then we find out not only what he can do, but 
what he is " (Maurice). 

892. Athaliah. (Judah), II Kings 11 : 1-3; II Chron. 22 : 10- 
12. " Athaliah reigned over the land." " To what a pass 
has Judah come — a daughter of the idolatrous Jezebel is on 
the throne of David." 

877. Destruction of the seed royal. Royal line saved 
from extinction. Baal-worship, II Kings 11:18; II Chron. 
23: 17; 24: 7. Violent death. 

886 to 847. Joash (Judah), II Kings 11: 2-12; II Chron. 
22:11, 12; 23:11-21; 24:17-27. Providential preservation 
by Jehosheba (daughter of king Jehoram; sister of Ahaziah), 
II Kings 11: 2. "Hid in the house of the Lord six years." 
Jehoiada, priest. Crowned king at seven years of age. 
" Joash did that which was right in the sight of the Lord all 
the days of Jehoiada, the priest." (Jehoiada seems to have 
been the real ruler for twenty-three years of the reign, 
II Kings 12:6.) Righteous administration. Repaired the 
temple. The Solemn Covenant and consecration. Restora- 
tion of worship. Death of Jehoiada, one hundred and thirty 
years old. Burial honors, II Chron. 24: 15, 16. 

After Jehoiada's death: Falls into idolatry, " wrath came 
upon Judah and Jerusalem for their trespass." Prophets 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 7 1 

sent; " they would not give ear." Zechariah (cousin) " stoned 
at the commandment of the king in the court of the house of 
the Lord," II Chron. 24:20, 21 (Matt. 23:35); "when he 
died, he said, the Lord look upon it, and requite it," v. 22. 

War. Retribution. Syrian invasion, " executed judgment 
against Joash." Diseases. " His own servants conspired 
against him for the blood of the sons of Jehoiada the priest, 
and slew him on his bed." Buried in the city of David, 
but not in the sepulchers of the kings. (The influence of the 
idolatrous worship introduced into Judah, as the result of 
Jehoshaphat's alliance, was not destroyed with Athaliah, the 
queen.) 

864 to 848. Jehoahaz, son of Jehu (Israel), II Kings 13: 
1-9. " Followed the sins of Jeroboam," etc. " The anger of 
the Lord was kindled against Israel; he delivered them into 
the hand of Hazael, king of Syria," etc., vs. 3. 

War. Great oppression by Syria. Jehoahaz besought the 
Lord — the Lord hearkened unto him. Delivered them from 
the Syrians, but weakened (" had made them like the dust 
by threshing," vs. 7, 23). Death — burial in Samaria. 

847 to 832. Joash, grandson of Jehu (Israel), II Kings 
13: 9-21, 24, 25; II Chron. 25: 17-24. " Departed not from 
all the sins of Jeroboam." Significant visit to Hlisha's 
death-bed; the consequent three victories, v. 25. Death of 
EHsha; miracle at his grave. Hazael, king of Syria, died; 
Benhadad III his son reigned. 

War with Syria, v. 25. Triumph over Amaziah, king of 
Judah; captures Jerusalem, carries away its treasures, 14: 8- 
15. Death — buried in Samaria. 

846 to 818. Amaziah (Judah), II Kings 14: 1-20; II Chron. 
25. Character. " That which was right in the sight of the 
Lord, but not with a perfect heart," v. 2. Executed jus- 
tice on his father's murderers, vs. 3, 4. Military success. 
Overthrows the Edomites, 25: 5-13; worships the gods of the 
Edomites, v. 14. " Anger of the' Lord kindled"; a prophet 
sent unto him. " Why hast thou sought after the gods of the 
people, which could not deliver their own people out of thy 
hand?" Admonition despised. " I know that God hath 



72 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

determined to destroy thee, because thou hast done this and 
hast not hearkened unto my counsel." 

Relations with Israel. Provokes Joash (Israel) to his own 
overthrow, vs. 17-24. Judah was put to the worse before 
Israel, v. 22. "It came of God, that He might deliver them 
into the hand of their enemies, because they sought after the 
gods of Edom." Conspiracy against him; fled to Lachish; 
slain there. Buried with his fathers in the city of Judah. 

832. Jeroboam, great grandson of Jehu (Israel), II Kings 
13:13; 14:16, 23-29; 15:1. "Departed not from all the 
sins of Jeroboam." Great prosperity and power. Restora- 
tion of the boundaries to the limits of their position in Solo- 
mon's days; involved the conquest of Syria, according to 
Jonah's prophecy, v. 25. Recovery of Damascus, v. 28. 

" The Lord saw the affliction of Israel, that it was very 
bitter," v. 26. " The Lord said not that he would blot out 
the name of Israel . . . but he saved them by the hand 
of Jeroboam." " Slept with his fathers." 

Historical Situation. — Great prosperity. " Not many years 
after the death of Klisha there came to both kingdoms a period 
of unexampled prosperity. Uzziah, king of Judah, and 
Jeroboam II, king of Israel, extended their conquests till 
Jeroboam's kingdom extended to the Lebanon Mountains 
on the north; and Uzziah extended Judah over the Philistine 
country and as far south as the Red Sea " — nearly the extent 
of the kingdom under David. This wide extension was made 
possible by the decline at this time of the two great world- 
powers, Egypt and Assyria. (Draw a map.) No such 
wealth had been known since the days of Solomon. 

Decline of Morals. — " There were two sources of wealth: 
God-given wealth was blessed, and was possible to all who 
were industrious, moral, and economical. The other source 
of wealth was the spoils of the nations they conquered. It 
was unblessed. The natural results on character and morals 
we learn from Amos, Hosea, and Isaiah. Drunkenness, 
debauchery, corruption, oppression of the poor, murder, pro- 
fanity, lying, stealing, ran riot among all classes of the people." 
" The consequences to the nation: Exposed it both to the 



THE HEJBRKW MONARCHY 73 

punishments God wrought in His providence, and to invasion 
and ravages by the neighboring nations." 

PROPHETICAL BOOKS 
Jonah, Prophet 

Jonah, " dove." Son of Amittai. Native of Gath- 
hepher (about twelve miles north of Nazareth). " A prophet 
out of Galilee," II Kings 14: 25; Jonah 1:1. 

A uthor. — Jonah. 

Date. — Early reign of Jeroboam II. 

Style. — Graphic. Charles Reade, novelist, says: " Jonah 
is the most beautiful book ever written in so small a compass 
— 1328 English words." 

Authenticity. — Veritable history, Matt. 12:39-41, Luke 
11: 29-32. Hidden prophecy of the burial and resurrection 
of Christ, Matt. 12: 40; 16: 4. 

Key. — Ch. 4:2, 10, 11. The all-embracing love of God. 
" That God has granted to the Gentiles repentance unto 
life " (Acts 11 : 18), a wonderful advance on Judaism. 

Teaching. — Men need to learn what God thinks of the 
teeming masses in the world's great cities; what we ought to 
think of them; how God judges us by our judgment of them. 
The Great Commission, Matt. 28: 19, 20. 

Analysis. — Ch. 1 : The prophet's first commission and 
disobedience. Ch. 2 : Jonah's psalm or prayer. Ch. 3 : 
Second commission and obedience. Ch. 4: Dialogue — the 
prophet and Jehovah. 

The commission, ch. 1:2. Nineveh, that great city. How 
great was Nineveh? "The London of the ancient world"; 
" the bloody city "; " all full of lies and robbery " (Nahum). 
" Filthy and polluted "; " the oppressing city " (Zephaniah). 
Ch. 4:9-11: God's argument. The Divine question, 
" Should not I spare?" remains unanswered. " The Divine 
compassion is still brooding above the stir and din and wicked- 
ness in every crowded haunt of men." 

806 to 755. Uzziah (Judah), Azariah, II Kings 14: 21, 22; 
1 5- 1—7; II Chron. ch. 26. The "great and prosperous 



74 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Uzziah." " As long as he sought the Lord, God made him to 
prosper," 26:5. Study his "defenses" of Judah, etc.; 
his " victories." " Army." " Arms and Ammunition." 
" Loved husbandry," v. 10. " Digged many wells." " He 
was marvellously helped, till he was strong," v. 15. Uzziah's 
great sin; terrible punishment, vs. 17-21. (Josephus says, it 
was at this very moment that the famous earthquake of 
Uzziah's reign [Amos 1 : 1] occurred.) Jotham, his son (v. 21), 
became regent. Death — burial, v. 23. 

The Rise of the Prophets. — " In II Chron. chs. 26-32 we 
have the histories of Uzziah and ten more kings of Judah, 
in whose days prophesied the most of the prophets, both 
Major and Minor, to whose writings these eleven chapters 
lend not a little light, and are, therefore, diligently to be read 
and heeded " (Trapp). During and near Uzziah's reign 
prophesied Joel, Jonah, Amos, Hosea, Micah, and Isaiah. 

Amos, Prophet 

Time of the Prophecy. — Late in the reign of Jeroboam II of 
Israel, and during the reign of Uzziah, king of Judah (Amos 
1 : 1), " two years before the earthquake." 

.Home.— Tekoa, a village six miles south of Eethlehem — 
southern kingdom. 

Business. — " Herdsman, and a gatherer of sycomore fruit 
trees," 7 : 14. "I was no prophet, neither was I a prophet's 
son." 

Training. — Communion with nature. Travels among the 
markets of the land. Conditions of nations. Study of God's 
Word. Early books of Old Testament (Deuteronomy). 

Character. — Statesman. Student of affairs. Prophet. 

Call. — While he " was musing, the fire burned," 7: 15. 

Scene of his Ministry. — Bethel, in the northern kingdom 
(25 miles from his home in Tekoa), at a feast in Bethel. 

Written Prophecy. — " Desiring to give a permanence to 
their work, the prophets began regularly to commit their 
sermons to writing " — a significant transition. 

Condition of the Kingdom. — Great prosperity in both 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 75 

kingdoms — luxury, vice, and formal worship. A lull between 
the Assyrian raids in Syria. " Material prosperity is of little 
worth in Jehovah's sight unless sustained by truth and 
righteousness." 

Keynotes. — Judgment, followed by the restoration of the 
redeemed, ch. 7: 1; 9: 14. Seek Jehovah, and ye shall live. 

Argument. — Jehovah demanded righteousness, not sacri- 
fices; and would punish the nation by captivity, for their 
sins, and none the less because they were his chosen people. 

Analysis. — Chs. 1, 2: A series of foreign prophecies. (Note 
the strange but effective approach to Israel.) Ch. 3: Jeho- 
vah's verdict and sentence. Ch. 4: Jehovah's summons. 
Chs. 5, 6: Lamentation and its causes. Chs. 7: 1-9: 10. 
Visions: (1) The locusts, 7: 1-3. (2) The fire, 7:4-6. (3) 
The plumbline, 7: 7-9. Reception of the message, 7: 10-17. 
(4) Basket of fruit, ch. 8. (5) Jehovah, 9: 1-10. Restoration, 

9: H-I5- 

The God of Amos, chs. 4: 13; 5: 8; 9: 5, 6. Famous sen- 
tences, chs. 3:3; 4: 11; 4: 12; 6: 1; 7: 5. 

Joel, Prophet 

" Whose God is Jehovah." 

Personal History. — Son of Pethuel, ch. 1:1. Nothing is 
known except from the prophecy. He confines his national 
view to Judah and Jerusalem. Probably, a native of Jeru- 
salem. From the prominence given to the temple service, it 
has been supposed he was a priest. 

Date. — Uncertain — probably contemporary with Hosea 
(1:1) and Amos (1 : 1 ; 7: 10), during the reign of Uzziah, king 
of Judah, II Chron. 26: 15. " The position of the book, as 
second among the minor prophets, indicates that the belief 
was current, at the time of forming the canon, that Joel 
prophesied between Hosea and Amos " (Davis). 

Style. — First rank in prophetical literature. 

Occasion. — A great calamity — a famine caused by a scourge 
of locusts, with extreme drought. (Not recorded in historical 
books.) 



76 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

The Message. — Specially to Judah. 

Theme. — The day of the Lord. 

Analysis. — Two highly pictorial discourses. 

Chs. 1-2: 17: Prophecy of the Chaldean invasion. Exhorts 
the people of Judah to repentance, fasting, and prayer, to 
avert the calamities. Ch. 2: 18-27: Zion is comforted, with 
the promised blessing of wasted years restored, v. 27. Su- 
premacy and tenderness of Jehovah. Ch. 2:28, 29: Out- 
pouring of the Holy Spirit — fulfilled, Acts 2: 16-21. Ch. 
2 : 30, 31 : The great and terrible day of the Lord. Ch. 2 : 32 : 
The call of the Gentiles (Rom. 10: 13). Deliverance in Mt. 
Zion and Jerusalem. Ch. 3: 1-16: Nations shall be gathered 
in the valley of Jehoshaphat (" Jehovah judges ") and trodden 
in the wine-press of Divine anger. Ch. 17-20: The blessing 
reserved for Judah. 

Key-verses. — " The Lord will be the hope of his people," 
vs. 16, 17. " For the Lord dwelleth in Zion," vs. 20, 21. 

Period of Anarchy 

769. Zachariah (Israel), fourth generation of Jehu, II 
Kings 15 : 8-12. Prophecy of II Kings 10: 30 fulfilled in v. 12. 

768. Shallum (VI Dynasty), II Kings 15 : 13-15. One 
month. 

767 to 758. Menahem (VII Dynasty), I Kings 15: 16-22. 
Smote Tiphsah, I Kings 4: 24. Paid tribute to Pul, the king 
of Assyria, vs. 19, 20; I Chron. 5: 26; Hosea 8: 9. 

" The decline of Israel after Jeroboam's death was owing not 
only to the weakness of its rulers, but to the growing power 
of Assyria. Pul, a military adventurer (II Kings 15, 19), had 
seized the throne, and under the name of Tiglath-pileser III 
(II Kings 15:29; I Chron. 5:26; Isa. 9: 1) set up what is 
known as the second Assyrian empire." " From his own 
dominions he came to the West, and at Arpad, near Aleppo, 
a decisive victory made him the arbiter of the fates of all the 
kingdoms in western Asia. Among his tributaries are men- 
tioned Uzziah of Judah, and Menahem of Israel." 

757. Pekahiah, II Kings 15:22-26. "Did that which 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 77 

was evil in the sight of the Lord." Slain by Pekah, in Samaria, 
in the palace of the king's house. 

755 to 736. Pekah (VIII Dynasty), II Kings 15:27-31; 
16:5-9. Tiglath-pileser's raid, v. 29. "Carried them 
captive to Assyria." Syro-Ephraimitish War. The league 
of Pekah of Israel, and Rezin, king of Syria, against Judah, 
v. 37; Ahaz, 16:5-9; Isa. 7: 1, 4, etc. Inscription, the As- 
syrian king Tiglath-pileser III, " Pekah I slew, Hoshea I ap- 
pointed over them." Hoshea's conspiracy, v. 30. 

726. Hoshea (IX Dynasty), II Kings 15:30; 17:1-23 
(after an interregnum). Became servant to Shalmanezer IV 
(successor to Tiglath-pileser). Conspired with So, king of 
Egypt, against Shalmanezer. Imprisoned. 

720 to 718. Samaria beseiged. Fall of Samaria. Israel 
carried captive into Assyria. " The ruin came to one who 
was better than his predecessors " (Farrar). Samaria was 
besieged by Shalmanezer IV, and taken by Sargon, his general 
and successor, after three years' siege. " Sargon's own ac- 
count of this story is in an inscription, on a slab found in 
Sargon's great palace at Khorsabad." Cause of the cap- 
tivity. A postmortem examination — for her sins, vs. 7-23; 
18: 11, 12. The Samaritans (II Kings 17:24-41), who and 
what they were; whence they came; their religious trouble; 
their final religious condition. 

Note. — The Samaritan bridge between Jew and Gentile 
in the establishment of the Christian Church. 

Hosea, Prophet 

Date. — Hosea 1:1. 

Personal History. — Belonged to the northern kingdom. 
Remarkable length of prophetic utterance — sixty-five years. 

Characteristics of the Times. — External prosperity of the 
reign of Jeroboam. Corrupting influences. Moral and 
political decay on part of kings, priests, and people. God 
was forgotten. Assyria or Egypt was looked to for help. 
Prominence given to Ephraim. 

Theme. — The love of God. (Essence of Divine Nature, 
John 13: 1.) 



78 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Style. — Abrupt; obscure. Illustrations taken from rural 
and domestic pursuits: sowing; baking; snaring of birds, etc. 
He gives an insight into the modes of life of that day. 

Key to the Whole, chs. 1-3 : " He was inspired to reclaim 
his wife by observing Jehovah's perpetual efforts to reclaim 
Israel; he saw in his wife's essential ignorance of his own 
worth that Israel erred by not knowing the Divine char- 
acter." 

Argument. — " The discovery from his own love for a fallen 
wife how Jehovah loved apostate Israel ; that God had always 
sought to win his unfaithful people, through physical disci- 
pline and pleading love. Mercy abused would bring on all 
the severer punishment." 

Controlling Ideas. — Jehovah was Husband, Father, Love. 
Jehovah punished his child with a bleeding heart, ch. 1:7; 
2: 19, 20; 5: 15; 6:4; 10: 12; 11:4, 8; 13:4, 9; 14:4, 5. Re- 
pentance, a new knowledge of God. 

Analysis. — The training of the prophet, ch. 1: 2-3: 5. 

Ch. 1 : 2-2 : 1 : Prophet's domestic life and the National 
conscience. 

Ch. 2 : 2-23 : Tragedy in the prophet's home, and its reve- 
lation of the sin of Israel as God feels it. 

Ch. 3 : The love of God to Israel, creating tenderness toward 
Gomer, and teaching the prophet God's tenderness. 

The Teaching of the Prophet, chs. 4-14. 

Ch. 4: 1-6:3: Pollution and its cause; unfaithfulness that 
characterized their whole history; glaring immorality. 

Ch. 6: 1-3: Tender entreaty. Ch. 6:4-10:15: Pollution 
and its punishment. Treachery and sinful foreign alliances, 
6: 1, 4-6; 7: 1, 8-10, 11, 16. 

Chs. 8, 9: A godless monarchy; a polluted worship, 8: 2, 4, 
7, 9-14; 9: i,3,6, 7, 17. 

Chs. 10, 11: How deep seated and inveterate the sin has 
been, 10: 1, 12; 11: 1, 2, 4, 5, 7-9, 12. 

Chs. 12-14: Final triumph of the love of Jehovah, 12:9, 
13; 13: 1-4, 9, 10, 11, 14; 14: 1, 4, 5, 9. 

Quotations in New Testament. — Hosea 6:6; Matt. 9:13; 
12:7; Hosea 1 1 : 1 ; Matt. 2:15: " Out of Egypt have I called 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 79 

my Son." Hosea 2:23; 1: 10; Rom. 9:25, 26; Hosea 6:2: 
Prophecy of Christ's resurrection, I Cor. 15: 4. 

Proverbial Sayings. — Ch. 4:6, 9, 17; 6:4, 6; 7:8; 8:17; 
10: 1; 11: 4, 8; 13: 1, 14. 

754. Jotham (Judah), II Kings 15:5, 32-38; II Chron. 
ch. 27. " Mighty, because he prepared his ways before 
the Lord his God," v. 6. 

738. Ahaz (Judah), II Kings chs. 16, 17: 13-20; II Chron. 
ch. 28; Isa. 7: 1-25. 

Depraved Character. — (1) Plunged into idolatry. (2) 
Burnt his children in fire to Moloch. (3) Scouted the remon- 
strances of Isaiah. (4) Stripped Jehovah's temple of treasure 
to bribe the king of Assyria. (5) Shut up the temple of 
Jehovah. (6) Sacrificed unto the idols of Damascus. (7) 
Made altars in every corner of Jerusalem. Was not buried 
in the sepulchers of the kings. " This is that king Ahaz," 
II Chron. 28: 22. 

God's Judgments. — Syro-Ephraimitish war. Rezin (Syria) 
and Pekah (Israel) war against Jerusalem, II Kings 16: 5, 6; 
Isa. 7:1, 4; II Chron. 28: 5-15. Oded, prophet of the Lord, 
invokes the aid of Tiglath-pileser, king of Assyria. " The 
hired razor," Isa. 7: 20, 17, 18. Goes to Damascus, to honor 
him — became tributary. Edomites. Philistines. " The Lord 
brought Judah low because of Ahaz, king of Israel," v. 19. 
" In the time of his distress did he trespass yet more against 
the Lord." His judgment is prophesied to come by Assyria, 
Isa. 7: 17. (Study Ahaz, Experiences and Prophecies, before, 
during, after Syro-Ephraim War.) 

" Ahaz has left behind him the reputation of being among 
the worst, if not actually the very worst, of all the princes of 
the house of David. He had neither courage, nor patriotism, 
nor energy, nor prudence, nor piety, nor even a decent regard 
for the tradition of his house and nation. In vain did Isaiah 
rebuke, warn, offer him signs, threaten him, urge him to rely 
on Jehovah. He doggedly pursued his own course, sought 
help in every quarter but the right one, put his trust in arms 
of flesh, or in the gods of the nations, cared not how he de- 
graded his country or disgraced his noble lineage, ever tres- 



80 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

passed more and more, until God cut him off in the very prime 
' of life " (Rawlinson). 

Micah, Prophet — Of Social Justice; Of Universal Peace 

Micaiah (Mi-cajahu). " Who is like unto Jehovah?" 
7:18. 

Birthplace. — Moresheth-gath ; in the Shephelah, ch. 1:1. 

Date of Prophecies. — 740-718. Before the fall of Samaria, 
1 : 1, 6; Jer. 26: 18. During the reigns of Pekah and Hoshea 
(Israel) and Jotham; Ahaz and Hezekiah (Judah). Contem- 
porary with Isaiah, living at the capital; and Hosea, the aged 
prophet, still speaking. 

Vision. — Concerning Samaria and Jerusalem, 1: 1, 5, 6, 9. 

Theme. — The Messianic hope, ch. 4: 1-5; 5: 2-4; 7: 18-20. 
" Micah, the first, or among the very first, to focus the hopes 
of Israel upon a great Redeemer." 

Times. — Prosperous times had made the rich, richer; and 
the country lands were monopolized by a few powerful 
landlords who oppressed the peasants, 2 : 1-3 : 4. 

Contents. — Divided into three sections, each marked by the 
formula "Hear ye"; each commencing with a denunciation 
and ending with a promise. They foretell the invasion of 
Shalmanezer and Sennacherib; the dispersion of Israel; the 
cessation of prophecy; the destruction of Jerusalem; also of 
Assyria; and the birthplace of Christ; his Divine nature and 
the universality of his kingdom. 

Section I. — Chs. 1, 2: Message to the nations. Jehovah 
coming in judgment. Enumeration of sins. The promise of 
deliverance, 2: 12, 13. 

Section II. — Message to the rulers, 3:12; Jer. 26: 18. Chs. 
3-5: Judgment on Jerusalem (3: 12), with promise of restora- 
tion under the Messiah, 4: 10; 5: 5-7. 

Section III. — Message to the chosen. Chs. 6, 7: The Lord 
has a controversy with his people; the people's question, vs. 
6, 7; the answer, vs. 8, 9. The terrible charge — judgment 
must follow, vs. 10-16. Lament over the general corruption, 
7: 1-6. Affliction produces a right spirit, v. 7. Triumphant 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 8 1 

song of confident trust in a God who delights in mercy, vs. 7- 
20. 

Controlling Ideas. — Universal righteousness would come 
in spite of the present small influence of Israel in the world. 
" This man shall be the Peace," 5:5. 

723. Hezekiah (Judah), " Strength of Jehovah." One 
of the three perfect kings, II Kings 18: 5. 

Contemporary Rulers. — Hoshea, last king of Israel; Shal- 
maneser IV, king of Assyria; Sargon II, under whom Assyria 
became the world's dominant power. Sennacherib, his suc- 
cessor. 

Parentage. — The good son of a bad father, Ahaz. His 
mother Abi, Abijah "(My) father is Jehovah," the daughter 
of Zechariah, Isa. 8:2; II Chron. 26: 5. 

Counselor. — Isaiah, the prophet, " who, the Jewish rabbis 
say, was his tutor." 

The Reformer. — His constructive work. " The terrible 
picture of the condition of Judah, painted in Isaiah, chs. 2-5, 
and other prophecies of this time is clear as to the idolatry, 
drunkenness, oppression, perversion of justice, grasping 
avarice, and shamelessness that poisoned the national life " 
(Hastings). 

" The necessity of raising a heavy annual tribute for the 
Assyrians pressed very heavily upon the poorer classes in 
Judah, and greatly aggravated the social miseries which were 
already crying for redress " (Ottley). 

Revival of Religion, II Chron. 29:3. "First year of his 
reign, first month," II Chron. 29: 1-36; II Kings 18: 1-8. 
" So, the service of the house of the Lord was set in order." 
Opened and repaired the doors of the house of the Lord. 
Exhorts the Levites and priests, vs. 4-1 1; "they sanctify 
themselves," Isa. 52: 11. The temple cleansed; the sacrifices 
restored (sin offering; burnt offering; thank offerings; peace 
offerings; drink offerings). Worship and praise. 

The Great Passover, II Chron. ch. 30: The wide invitation, 

vs. 1-12. " A notable approach to national reunion." "The 

Northern king was already a vassal of Assyria, and the end of 

the kingdom of Israel was near." The proclamation, vs. 5-9; 

6 



82 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

appeal to memory, fear, and hope. Destruction of heathen 
altars, v. 4. His constructive work was done before the 
destructive. The Passover, vs. 13-27. " Their prayer came 
up to his holy dwelling place, even unto heaven." II Chron. 
31: Zeal in destroying idolatry, v. 1. Destruction of the 
brazen serpent, II Kings 18:4. Permanent organization. 
Generous giving. Secret of his power and success, v. 21. 
In every work that he began in the service of the house of God, 
and in the law, and in the commandments to seek his God, he 
did it with all his heart and prospered. 

Epoch IV. — Struggle for National Existence 

On the part of Judah against Assyria and Egypt alter- 
nately, and afterward against the Chaldeans. Fall of Samaria, 
718 B. C. (Assyria). Destruction of Jerusalem 586 B. C. 
(Babylonia). 

When Samaria was taken, nothing then stood between 
Assyria and the little kingdom of Judah. 

723-695. Hezekiah. 

710. A dire personal emergency, Isa. 38: 1-22; II Kings 
20:1-11; II Chron. 32:24-26. 

The Sign of the Sun Dial. — " This is the first instrument for 
measuring time mentioned in the Bible." 

Thanksgiving Psalm, Isa. 38:9-20. 

Babylonian Embassy, Isa. 39: 1-8; II Kings 20: 12-19; 
II Chron. 32:31. Babylon for the first time comes into 
noticeable relatione to the Jews by an embassy from that 
now rapidly developing power. Showed them his treasures, 
" in his house, and in all his dominion." God's purpose in 
this visit, II Chron. 32:31. Isaiah's terrible prediction of 
the Babylonian captivity, Isa. 39:6, 7; II Kings 20: 17, 18. 
" His heart was lifted up " (temporary worldliness), II Chron. 
32:25. Penitence; piety; God-given substance; prosperity, 
vs. 26-30. 

701. A Great National Peril. — Sennacherib's Invasion of 
Judah. — The importance of this event is shown by the his- 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 83 

tory being given in three books of the Bible, II Kings chs. 
18, 19; II Chron. 32; Isa. chs. 22, 33, 36, 37. 

" One constant danger threatened Judah: the growing 
power of Assyria, whose overlordship Ahaz had acknowledged 
against the urgent protests of Isaiah." 

Judah seems to have continued the alliance with Assyria, 
which had become the most powerful nation in the world; 
to whom Judah and the surrounding nations were paying 
tribute. 

705. Sennacherib, the son of Sargon, became king of 
Assyria, and was immediately confronted with the rebellion 
of Merodach-baladan, a restless Babylonian prince who had 
had friendly intercourse with Hezekiah. 

Hezekiah's Revolt. — " He rebelled against the king of As- 
syria and served him not," II Kings 18: 7. Hezekiah joined 
with the Philistines and the Phoenicians with the promise of 
help from Egypt in a general rebellion against Assyrian power. 
Isaiah, who had protested against the entanglement in the 
first place, strongly opposed the movement. 

Sennacherib's March. — Having subdued the revolt in the 
East, with an immense army he turned fiercely to the rebellious 
provinces of the West. (Draw a sketch map showing Assyria, 
Syria, Judah, and Egypt. Trace with a dotted line his course 
— he began with the Phoenician cities, Sidon, Joppa, Ekron, 
etc.) " Against the fenced cities of Judah and took them," 
II Kings 18: 13. 

On one of the stone cylinders of the Great Stone library 
(30,000), found in the ruins of Nineveh, Sennacherib wrote 
his account of this invasion. 

A Great Crisis in Judah' s History. — The first siege of Jeru- 
salem, II Chron. 32:2-8; II Kings 18:13-16. Hezekiah's 
heroic faith. Defense. Inspired words. The arm of flesh 
vs. the Lord our God. Wavering of faith. Relief at high 
cost. 

The second siege of Jerusalem, II Kings 18:17-19:36; 
II Chron. 32:9-23; Isa. chs. 36, 37. Sennacherib (besieging 
Lachish, 32: 9) sends a great host (18: 17) against Jerusalem, 
demanding its surrender. 



84 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Key-thoughts. — " I will be exalted among the heathen, 

I will be exalted in the earth," Ps. 46: 10. Contest between 
Jehovah and the Assyrian idols. 

Rabshakeh. — Chief of the officers. Harangues the people. 
Reviles Hezekiah. Blasphemes God. Returns to Sennach- 
erib at Libnah, Isa. 37: 8, 9. Egypt was Sennacherib's 
objective point. 

Divine Help Sought. — Ps. 46: 1. Message to Isaiah — 
"lift up thy prayer," Isa. 37:4. His reply — a message of 
comfort, vs. 5-8. 

The Blasphemous Challenge. — Sennacherib sends messengers 
and blasphemous letter to Hezekiah, vs. 9-13; "spread it 
before the Lord," vs. 14-20. Study his prayer: " Save us 
from his hand, that all the kingdoms of the earth may know 
that thou art the Lord, even thou only." 

Hezekiah and Isaiah cried to heaven, II Chron. 32 : 20. 
Isaiah's sublime message of confident faith: As to Assyria, 
Isa. 37 : 21-34, v - 2 9- As to God's purpose, vs. 26-29. For 
mine own sake, v. 35. Sovereign grace. God's sovereignty 
over the nations. 

The Wonderful Deliverance, v. 36; Ps. 34: 7. Consider the 
challenge of modern idolatry. Later life of Sennacherib, 
Isa. 37:37, 38; II Chron. 32:31. Later life of Hezekiah, 

II Chron. 32: 22, 23, 27-33. Songs of deliverance from the 
Assyrian, Ps. 46, 47, 48, 75, 76. 

Monuments. — The Taylor Cylinder, now in the British 
Museum. Inscriptions on slabs from Sennacherib's palace. 
The story of this great campaign is told not only in three 
books of the Bible, but on a Book of Stone, which confirms the 
Bible. 

Present-day Application. — Power of prayer in a ruler's life. 

Isaiah, Prophet 

A national leader. Vision of the Messiah. 

Isaiah (" salvation of Jehovah "). The greatest of the 
writing prophets. " The royal prophet." " The Evangelical 
prophet." " The St. John of the Old Testament." Writer 
of history, II Chron. 26: 22; 32: 32. 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 85 

Personal History. — Son of Amoz, ch. 1:1. Married (8:3) 
"prophetess." Sons (symbolical names): Shear-jashub 
("The remnant shall return"), 7:3; Maher-shalal-hash-baz 
("Hasten booty, speed spoil"), 8:3. "Behold, I and the 
children whom the Lord hath given me are for signs and for 
wonders," 8: 18; 20: 3, 4. Vision of God — call, response, ch. 6. 
(Tradition says he suffered martyrdom in the reign of Manas- 
seh, by being placed between two planks and sawn asunder, 
'to which there is an allusion in Heb. 11:37.) 

Time of Prophesying, Isa. 1:1. "In the year King Uzziah 
died," 6:1. Through the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, 
and perhaps part of Manasseh, B. C. 754-679. 

Statesman. — " The greatest political power in Israel since 
David." " In every department of national life, in every 
section of social and religious existence, his voice was heard 
and his personality felt " (Professor Blmslie). 

Character. — Bold in denouncing sin. Faithful to the 
nation's God where faithless men abound. Actively engaged 
in the affairs of his time, he seems ever to live in the near 
presence of the High and Holy One, who called him to his 
service. 

Conception of God. — One, whose holiness will assert itself 
in the subduing of everything that is proud and lofty (2 : 12 ff), 
in the triumphing over all evil (2: 19, 21), and finally will 
manifest himself in a glorious reign of peace and righteousness 
— this through a mysterious Person who makes atonement for 
his people — " Christ and Him crucified." 

Active Ministry. — A series of momentous occurrences in 
their bearing on the two kingdoms furnished occasion for his 
public teaching. 

The First Crisis. — The Syro-Ephraimitish War. Waged 
by Rezin of Damascus and Pekah of Israel, first against 
Jotham, and then against his son Ahaz ; during which the great 
Assyrian power appears on the stage and calls forth his pre- 
diction of the fall of Judah's confederate enemies by Assyria, 
Isa. 7, 8. King Ahaz intrigued with Assyria. 

734. The subjugation of Syria and Samaria by Tiglath- 
pileser. 



86 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

732. The capture of Damascus, 17: 1-3. 

718. The fall of Samaria (ch. 28: 1 ff), followed by the 
military operations of Sargon against Palestine and Egypt, 
chs. 10, 20. 

Second Crisis. — Sennacherib's invasion of Judah, ch. 14: 24- 
27; 17: 12-14; ch. 33. 

These troublous times were intensified by the attitude of 
Egypt (chs. 19, 30) and the growing importance of Babylon, 
chs. 13: 1-14:23; ch. 39. Judah formed political alliances 
with Egypt and the Palestinian states. Isaiah's maxim was 
" no politics " — neutrality — freedom from foreign alliances, 
30: 1-17; 31. The necessity of an independent foreign 
policy for Judah. 

The Book of Isaiah 

Author. — Isaiah. Universally admitted from the Septua- 
gint to the close of the eighteenth century. Inconceivable 
that the writer should be wholly unknown, utterly forgotten. 
Nine times in the New Testament disputed portions of 
Isaiah are quoted as from the great prophet. 

Style. — Peculiarly lofty and majestic eloquence. " No other 
prophet has the same power of conception or expression." 
" No other Hebrew author furnishes so many quotable sen- 
tences " (Professor H. G. Mitchell). 

Problem. — " To preserve, amid the political convulsions of 
the time, the only nation that possessed a true knowledge 
of God, and with them, their religion." 

Argument. — That the national existence depended upon the 
righteousness of the people and their implicit faith in Jeho- 
vah's protection. 

Themes. — Ruin — repentance — restoration. 

Divisions. — Two parts: Chs. 1-39: Assyrian in horizon. 
Chs. 40-66: Babylonian in horizon. 

Analysis. — Part I (Chs. 1-35): Book of Warnings, Denun- 
ciation, and Woe. 

Chs. 1-12: Uzziah - Jotham - Ahaz prophecies. "Home" 
prophecies, " relating to Judah and Jerusalem." Denounces 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 87 

their sins (enumerate them) as the cause of judgments, ch. 
1-9: 7- 

Chs. 7-12: "The book of Immanuel." "The righteous 
remnant " of the people would survive, ch. 6: 13. 

" The Remnant" — " As when a terebinth is cut down, new 
branches will shoot up from the stump, so life will remain in 
God's people even in their apparent ruin, and this life will 
spring up to new beauty and power." " Isaiah's message of 
hope," the beginning of the conception of a Church. 

" Foreign nations " prophecies, chs. 13-23. " Assyria was 
at this time at its height. Babylonia was beginning to re- 
assert itself. Syria was approaching its end. Egypt was 
exalted, but ready to fall. Tyre and Sidon were at the head 
of commercial enterprise. Moab, Ammon, Philistia, and 
Edom (Israel's dangerous enemies all through its history) 
were " nearing their time of desolation." 

"The little Apocalypse" (chs. 25-27); "wells of salva- 
tion " (ch. 12); " joy and gladness " (ch. 35) — are poetic effu- 
sions of praise and thanksgiving. (Memorize " quotable 
passages.") Final overthrow of opposing power, chs. 28-34. 
(Underline Assyria.) 

Historical, chs. 36-39. Closes with the terrible prediction 
of the Babylonian captivity. Isaiah's prophecies have been 
found by modern discoveries fulfilled to the letter. 

Part II: Book of Consolation, chs. 40-66. A grand Messi- 
anic poem, setting forth Christ as Prophet, Priest, and King. 
(Make a list of Messianic prophecies.) 

Keynotes. — Chs. 40-48: Comfort. Chs. 49-57: The 
suffering servant. Chs. 58-66: The future glory. 

Predictive prophecy. Cyrus by name, 44: 28; 45: 1. 

Center of this section, Isa. ch. 53. Center of the Word of 
God. The nature of the atonement. Mark the twelve 
assertions of the vicarious character of these sufferings — 
" our." The New Jerusalem, Isa. 65: 17-24; 66: 1, 2; Rev. 
21 : 1-4. Glorious promise, Isa. 66: 22. 

Messianic Prophecies. — " The Coming One." His fore- 
runner, 40:3; birth, 7: 14; family, 11: 10; name and king- 
dom, 9:6, 7. 



88 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Three-fold character: Prophet, 42:6, 7; 49:1-3; priest, 
53: 12; king, 32: 1. 

License to preach, 61:1-3. Power to perform miracles, 
35: 5, 6. Rejection by the Jews, 6: 9-12; 8: 14; 53: 3. Ac- 
ceptance by the Gentiles, 49: 6; passion, ch. 53. Victory over 
the grave, 25:8. Increase and perfection of his kingdom, 
9:7; 11:4-10. (These prophecies are so exact as to have 
earned for Isaiah the name " Gospel Prophet.") 

Manasseh (Judah, XVI), B. C. 694-640. The longest 
reign in the history of Judah and Israel. 

Parentage. — The evil son of godly parents, I Kings 20:21; 
21 : 1. 

Character. — II Kings 21:2. Sinned against great light. 
(Note the influences from parents and national history that 
surrounded his youth.) 

Length and Character of His Reign. — II Chron. 33: 1-9. 

Great Sin. — Catalogue the evils he did, II Kings 21:3-9. 
Abominations of idolatry. " Altars for Baal ... as 
did Ahab king of Israel." Desecration of the temple. " In 
the house ... of which the Lord said ... In this 
house and in Jerusalem . . . will I put my name for ever." 

Corruption of the Nation. — " Seduced them to do more evil 
than did the nations whom the Lord destroyed before the 
children of Israel," II Chron. 33: 9. Guilt greater. Defiance 
of God, II Chron. 33: 10. The Reign of Terror, II Kings 
21:16. Jehovah's prophecy against Judah, 21:10-15. 
"Which the Lord would not pardon," II Kings 23:26, 27; 
24: 3, 4. " The measure of Judah's iniquity was filled up; the 
final sentence of doom was pronounced; not even the piety of 
Josiah could obtain the reversal " (Cook). 

His Punishment. — Captivity in Babylon (33: n-13) re- 
corded only in Chronicles. " The mention of Babylon as the 
place of captivity may be accounted for by the fact that 
Babylon had been made subject to Nineveh, the capital. 
Esar-haddon rebuilt Babylon and spent much of his time 
there. As a rule, the lot of a conquered vassal at the As- 
syrian court was horrible " (Farrar). 

Assyrian Supremacy. — Assyria during the reign of Manasseh 



THE HKBRKW MONARCHY 89 

was at its greatest height and widest bounds — the mightiest 
world-power of the time. Its greatest king was Asshurbanipal, 
the Sardanapalus of the Greeks, B. C. 668-628. (Under his 
father [Bsar-haddon, B. C. 680-669] and himself Egypt be- 
came for the first time an Assyrian province, B. C. 670-660.) 
Jerusalem was not attacked, but Judah was nominally 
tributary to Assyria. 

" The first twenty years of Manasseh's reign were spent in 
comparative peace with Assyria, being let alone by Sennacherib 
and Esar-haddon during his first years " (McCurdy). In 
the records of Assyria, preserved in Nineveh, " Manasseh of 
Judah appears twice as an Assyrian tributary — once in 677-676, 
when, as one of twenty-two kings, he paid homage to Esar- 
haddon as ' king of the city of Judah,' and again as one of the 
same group who furnished ' men and ships in addition to the 
customary tribute ' on Asshurbanipal's first campaign against 
Egypt in 668 " (Geo. Adam Smith). It was possibly on one 
of his (Asshurbanipal) expeditions into Egypt that Manasseh 
was carried in chains as a hostage to Babylon. 

Manasseh's repentance, II Chron. 33:12, 13. "Then 
Manasseh knew that the Lord, He was God." 

Restoration. — Proofs of God's forgiveness, v. 13. He 
brought him again to Jerusalem. Proofs of Repentance, 
vs. 14-17. Assyria began to decline in 647. According to 
Professor Beecher, this was the year of Manasseh's return 
from Babylon, after a captivity of only a year or two; during 
the last six years of his life the influence of Assyria over 
Judah was lessened. Death — burial (not with royal ances- 
tors), v. 20. 

Lesson-thoughts. — Are all sins equally heinous? (Question 
83 in the Shorter Catechism.) The evil that could not be 
undone. 

Asshurbanipal (Sardanapalus), the greatest of Assyrian, 
sovereigns, " is far more memorable on account of his mag- 
nificent patronage of learning than on account of his empire 
or the extent of his wars." For centuries Assyria had been a 
seat of learning, and a royal library had been gathered, which 
was removed by Sennacherib to Nineveh, B. C. 705. " The 



90 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Great Stone Library at Nineveh increased the Assyrian in- 
fluence over Judah. Asshurbanipal added more to this 
royal library than all the kings who had gone before him. 
During Manasseh's reign the literary supremacy of Assyria 
was at its height." (Yet the Assyrians were really near to 
destruction, since their capital, Nineveh, was swept out of 
existence, 607 B. C.) 

Amon (Judah, XVII), B. C. 639-638, II Kings 21: 19-26; 
II Chron. 33:21-25. Short, wicked, uneventful reign. 
" Evil," as did Manasseh, his father, v. 22. " Humbled not 
himself before the Lord, as Manasseh his father," v. 23. 
Tragical death, v. 24. Burial, II Kings 21: 26. 

Nahum, Prophet 

"Consolation," ch. 1:1. A native of Blkosh (in Gali- 
lee) (Jerome). Another tradition places it thirty miles to 
the north of Mosul, the ancient Nineveh. 

Date. — Determined only by two references in the book. He 
predicts the fall of Nineveh, which took place B. C. 607. He 
speaks of No-amon, or Thebes, as having been already de- 
stroyed, 3:8-10 (R. V.). This occurred 663 B. C. It is 
likely that he prophesied during the reigns of Manasseh, 
Amon, and Josiah, B. C. 694-638. 

Style. — Vivid, graphic. A perfect poem of surpassing 
sublimity, quoted by Paul, Rom. 10: 15. In dignity and force 
approaches most nearly to Isaiah. 

Theme. — " The burden of Nineveh," then at the height of 
its power. 

Conception of God. — Very exalted. Sublime description of 
the God who taketh vengeance on his adversaries (1:2), but 
is a stronghold to his own in the day of trouble (v. 7). 

Teaching. — " It is less directly spiritual than the prophecies 
of Hosea, Isaiah, or Micah, yet it forcibly brings before us 
God's moral government of the world, and the duty of trust 
in him, as the avenger of wrong-doers, the sole source of 
security and peace to those who love him " (Farrar). 

Analysis. — Prediction of judgment from which Nineveh 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 9 1 

cannot escape, ch. 1 : 1-10, v. 13. Death of Sennacherib 
predicted, vs. 11-15. 

The certain fall of Nineveh, the largest and wealthiest city 
in the world, with a vivid picture of the siege and sack of 
the city, aided by the sudden inundation of the Tigris, ch. 2. 

The miserable ruin of Nineveh, ch. 3. Utter and final, v. 19. 
Its very site was lost; the desolation was so complete that 
Nineveh vanished entirely from view, and Alexander could 
march over it, " not knowing that a world empire was buried 
under his feet." Modern labors revealed to the world the 
wrecks of its former splendor. 

Josiah (" Jehovah supports "), B. C. 638-608, II Kings 
22: 1 ; II Chron. 34: 1. 

Personal History. — Birth, B. C. 646, Jerusalem. Parent- 
age, II Kings 22: 1. 

Early Training. — " Imagine the struggle of this godly 
mother doing battle for the soul of her boy amid the debasing 
tendencies of an immoral court and the example of an idol- 
worshiping father." " Most psychologists put the deter- 
mination of dominant tendency between birth and fourteen 
years of age." 

Began to reign B. C. 638, eight years old, II Chron. 34: 1. 
Marriage, II Kings 22: 1, compared with 23: 36. 

Character of His Reign. — Ch. 22: 2; 34: 2. " He left the 
brightest name for piety and religious zeal among all the 
successors of David. His reign marks the last glory of the 
earthly kingdom of David" (Smith). Conditions were bad, 
as we see from the denunciations of Zephaniah and Jeremiah, 
Jer. chs. 1-9. Social corruption, with its attendant civic 
weakness, was rapidly destroying the vigor of the nation. 

Providential Influences. — The high priest Hilkiah, Shaphan 
the secretary, Huldah the prophetess, her husband, Shallum. 
" Within this circle the king had grown up with another youth, 
destined to be yet more conspicuous than the king himself — 
the prophet Jeremiah " (Stanley). 

Critical Years of His Reign. — Eighth, B. C. 631, II Chron. 
34: 3. Twelfth, 627, II Chron. 34: 3. Eighteenth, 621, v. 8; 
II Kings 22: 3. 



92 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

631. Eighth year of his reign: Began to seek after the God 
of David, his father. 

627. Twelfth year of his reign: Began to purge Judah and 
Jerusalem, I Chron. 34: 3-7. " Beginning " of the campaign 
against idol worship. 

626. Jeremiah begins to prophesy. 

Reforms hindered by the Scythian invasion. Extension of 
the reforms, v. 6. The power of Assyria being relaxed 
(Assyria was too busy with its own troubles), Josiah found no 
difficulty in extending his dominions. 

Scythian Invasion. — Jeremiah foretells in vivid pictures, 
Jer. chs. 4-6. Herodotus says, the Scythians, " from the 
regions over Caucasus, vast nameless hordes of men, who, 
sweeping past Assyria unchecked, poured upon Palestine." 
In 630 they had crossed the Caucasus; by 626 they were 
on the borders of Egypt. Pharaoh (Psamtik) purchased 
their retreat, and they swept back as swiftly as they came. 
They followed the old Assyrian war-path through the low- 
lands along the Mediterranean. Judah escaped because the 
great central range of hills lay between their path and Jeru- 
salem. " But they shook the whole of Palestine into con- 
sternation " (Geo. Adam Smith). This invader, coming 
so near, must have interfered with Josiah's plans. 

621. Eighteenth year: Repairing the temple, II Chron. 
34: 8-13; II Kings 22: 3-7. Found a book of the law of the 
Lord, given by Moses, 34: 14-18. Impression on the King, 
vs. 19-22. Prophecy of the destruction of Jerusalem, vs. 23- 
25. Accomplished within thirty-six years. Respite for the 
King, vs. 26-28. 

The Great Reformation. — Public Bible reading, vs. 29, 30. 
Renewal of the covenant, vs. 31, 32. National reforms, II 
Kings 23: 4-20. Fulfilment of the prophecy of " the man of 
God out of Judah " (I Kings 13: 1, 2), II Kings 23: 15-18. 

Restoration of Religious Services. — Renewal of the Passover, 
II Chron. 35: 1-19, " a passover " such as had not been cele- 
brated " from the days of the judges that judged Israel, nor 
in all the days of the kings of Israel, nor of the kings of Judah," 
II Kings 23:22. Services of the temple choir. II Kings 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 93 

23:25: " Like unto him was there no king before him, that 
turned to the Lord with all his heart, and with all his soul, 
and with all his might (Matt. 22 : 37), according to all the law 
of Moses; neither after him arose there any like him." Too 
late: " Notwithstanding the Lord turned not . . . be- 
cause of . . . Manasseh." " I will remove Judah," vs. 
26, 27. 

Death. — " Unquestionably the most tragic event in Hebrew 
history" (Professor Kent), II Chron. 35:20-24; II Kings 
23: 29, 30. 

608. Egypt turned its thought to Asiatic conquest. 
Pharaoh Necho marched along the sea-coast of Palestine 
northward to meet the armies of Assyria. (The small king- 
dom of Judah lay between the Assyrian and Egyptian em- 
pires, then in mutual hostility.) Josiah met Necho in battle 
at Megiddo, on the plain of Esdraelon, was defeated, and 
killed. Burial and mourning, v. 24. Great lamentations 
by Jeremiah and the singing men and singing women, v. 25. 

Present-day Applications. — The power of God's Word in a 
ruler's life. Putting away sin at any cost. " By the sacrifice 
of himself," Heb. 9: 26. " Spared not his own Son," Rom. 
8:32. 

Zephaniah, Prophet 

" Jehovah hath hidden." The prophet of doom. 

Genealogy — Date. — Ch. 1:1. Days of Josiah, B. C. 638- 
608. Speaks of the destruction of Nineveh as in the future, 
2: 13. 

Themes. — Judgment. Salvation. 

Ch. 1 : Destruction is about to fall on Judah and Jeru- 
salem. " The day of the Lord " is at hand, v. 7; a day of 
" sacrifice "; a day of " wrath," vs. 14, 15. " Dies irae " is 
based on this chapter. 

Ch. 2: An exhortation to repentance, vs. 1-3. Judgment 
on five nations, enemies of Judah, vs. 8, 10. Nineveh laid 
waste, vs. 13-15. 

Ch. 3: Wrath will rest most heavily on Jerusalem, for "the 
Lord in the midst of her is righteous," vs. 1-8. Prediction of 



94 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

the glorious appearing of the Lord in Israel, vs. 14-20. (Mem- 
orize 3:5, 17, 20.) 

Habakkuk 

" Embrace." The prophet of reasoned faith. 

Date. — Probably in the reigns from Josiah to Jehoiakim. 

Personal. — Levitical family, based on liturgical terms, 3:1, 

19- 

Theme. — The downfall of the Chaldean power. 

Keynote. — "The just shall live by faith," 2:4, furnishes 
Paul the doctrine which forms the keynote of the Epistles 
to the Romans and Galatians, Rom. 1:17; Gal. 3:11. Adopted 
by Luther in the great question of " justification by faith." 

Ch. 1 : Problem: Oppression; how God can allow a wicked 
nation to scourge Judah, more righteous than itself. The 
questioning of faith. 

Ch. 2: Tyranny as suicide. The listening and waiting of 
faith. 

Ch. 3 : Eloquent, sublime Psalm upon the majesty of God. 
Confidence of his faith, vs. 17-19. (Memorize 1: 12, 13; 2: 4, 
14, 20; 3:2, 17-19-) 

Jeremiah, Prophet 

" Exalted by Jehovah." The prophet of " the bleeding 
heart and the iron will " (Ballantine). 

Father. — Hilkiah (Jer. 1: 1), a priest. 

Birth. — B. C. 647. Anathoth. (Two or three miles 
northeast of Jerusalem.) 

Call (Jer. 1:4-10). — Time of Prophesying (Jer. 1:2, 3), 
B. C. 626-586. 

Commission (Jer. 1:17-19). — " Defenced city," "iron pil- 
lar," " brazen walls." This promise, renewed later (ch. 
15: 20), never failed him. 

Character. — " The most exquisite sensibility of soul," and 
" yet a spiritual courage that triumphed over all weakness, 
and compelled his body to the most difficult and dangerous 
duties." " Jeremiah puts himself in the place of God. 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 95 

His heart breaks with the Divine burden, his spirit groans 
with the Divine grief " (Matheson). " The weeping prophet," 
9: 1, 2; 15: 10; 20: 14-18. Through all the slow, heart- 
breaking steps of the political decadence (B. C. 608-586). 
Jeremiah went down with his nation into its grave (Heb. 2 : 
10), with never the joy of a single success. 

Career. — Personal details, chs. 11 : 21-12: 6; chs. 26, 36, 20, 
21 : 1-10; chs. 37, 38, 33, 39-44. A life of sorrow and suffer- 
ing. Himself a priest and prophet, he was compelled to 
witness against each and bear their reproaches (20: 2; 37: 13), 
and even harsh treatment at the hands of the populace 
(11:19, 26:8, 9), the military party (38:4), and the king 
himself (36:20 ff), with only occasional support from the 
elders (26: 17 ff) and the lower classes (38: 7 ff). Carried to 
Egypt by the exiles who fled thither (43 : 6), and was probably 
stoned to death in Egypt. 

The Book of Jeremiah 

The Book of Jeremiah, " Prophet of warning," " through 
whom, in the saddest times of Hebrew history, Jehovah 
uttered his final call to repentance." The book " stands 
second only to the Psalms as the most spiritual book in the 
Old Testament " (Whyte). 

Author. — Jeremiah. Probably revision by a later hand. 

Date. — B. C. 604. For twenty-three years Jeremiah's 
teachings had been oral. In the latter part of B. C. 604 he 
was bidden by the Lord (36: 1, 2) to adopt a new method, 
that of writing, instead of speaking. Second roll (36:32) 
no doubt formed the nucleus of the present book. 

Amanuensis. — Baruch, 36:4, 32; 45: 1-5. 

Style. — Varies between prose and poetry, and contains 
history mingled with prophecy. His prophecies are broken 
by outbursts of prayer and complaint; the bitter opposition 
of enemies wrings from him words of indignation and cries for 
vengeance. 

Summary. — Part I : Prophecies relating chiefly to the king- 
dom of Judah (chs. 1-45). 



96 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Part II: Discourses against foreign nations (chs. 45-51). 

Part III: Historical appendix on the siege and capture of 
Jerusalem, which is also a preface to the Lamentations 
(ch. 52). 

Character of the Times. — Political, moral, religious. Three 
of the greatest events of world-wide importance occurred in 
Jeremiah's time: 

(1) Battle, Megiddo, Pharaoh Necho, Josiah's death. 
(The loss to Israel meant more than Lincoln's death to 
America.) 

(2) Battle of Carchemish-Nebuchadnezzar, Jer. 46:2. 

(3) Destruction of Jerusalem. Nebuchadnezzar. God's 
scourge. 

Geography. — The key to the situation. Not only study the 
map for the three kingdoms involved, but draw maps for 
study. Egypt, Palestine, Assyria (Babylonia), the great 
routes of travel between the two world-powers, Jerusalem 
being off one side from the routes between the other two. 

Moral. — Through the last years of Josiah's reforms a worldly 
party was growing. Jeremiah, " an actor in the scenes," 
pictures a terrible condition of the people and their sins. 
" The land was full of idols." Immorality was rampant 
everywhere. Crimes, oppressions, and shameful vice abounded. 

Religious. — " The three great prophets of the period, 
Jeremiah, Zephaniah, and Habakkuk, vie with each other in 
the indignation and mournfulness of their delineations — the 
root of all being in apostasy from God " (S. G. Green). 

Problem. — To preserve true religion in Israel when the 
destruction of Jerusalem and the deportation of its inhabitants 
became inevitable. Manasseh's sins, Jer. 15: 4. 

Predictions. — Date of captivity. Return of the Jews. 
Fate of Zedekiah. Future decay of Babylon. Fall of many 
other nations. 

Divisions. — Chs. 1-39: Prophecies and events preceding 
the fall of Jerusalem. Chs. 40-52: Prophecies and events 
following the fall of Jerusalem. 

Time of Prophesying. — B. C. 626-586. Jer. 1:2; 25:3. 
Josiah's sons : I. Jehoahaz (Shallum), 3 months. II. Jehoiakim, 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 97 

11 years. Son, Jehoiachin, Jer. 22:29, 3°- HI. Zedekiah, 
11 years. 

Jeremiah had been for five years an acknowledged prophet 
when Josiah's reformation took place, Jer. chs. 1-6, 11, 12. 
" The pathos and depth of chapters 2 to 6 are not surpassed 
by anything in Scripture " (Davidson). 

Jehoahaz (Shallum), B. C. 608, II Kings 23:30-34; 
II Chron. 36:1-4; Jer. 22:10-12; Ezek. 19:1-4. Made 
king by " the people of the land." Evil in the sight of the 
Lord." Deposed by Pharaoh Necho. Carried to Egypt. 
" Died there," v. 34. Reign, three months. 

Jehoiakim (Eliakim), B. C. 607-597, II Kings 23:34-37; 
24:1-6; II Chron. 36:4-8; Jer. 22:13-19; Ezek. 19:5-9. 
Made king by Pharaoh Necho, who changed his name. 
" The land put to a tribute," vs. 33, 35. " Evil in the sight 
of the Lord." Vassal of Egypt, three years, Dan'l 1:1, 
B. C. 608-605. " The Assyrian Empire was brought to an 
end by the fall of Nineveh, B. C. 607, and Babylon became 
heir of all the countries washed by the Mediterranean, the 
realm which had just been added by Necho to his dominions. 
Nebuchadnezzar, now master of the East, broke the Egyptian 
power at the battle of Carchemish (B. C. 604), which was a 
crisis time not only for Jeremiah and Judah, but for the world. 
Judah exchanged the yoke of Egypt (II Kings 24: 7) for that 
of Babylon the same year (the fourth year of king Jehoiakim. 
Nebuchadnezzar carried away captives, including Daniel 
and his companions), and part of the treasures of the temple," 
Dan'l 1 : 1, 2. This was the first captivity. 

" Jehoiakim became his servant three years," II Kings 
24: 1. 

605. Jeremiah's prophecies were written in a book. 
Just at this time Nabopolassar, the king of Babylon, died 
and the son and heir (Nebuchadnezzar) left Jerusalem to 
secure the throne of the Babylonian Empire. 

603. " Then he turned and rebelled against him " (24: 1), 
defying God as well as Babylon. 

" The Lord sent against him bands . . . ," ch. 24: 2. 
" At the commandment of the Lord came this upon Judah, 
7 



98 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

to remove them " . . . " for the sins of Manasseh " 
. . . "which the Lord would not pardon," II Kings 
24: 2-4. 

" Against him came up Nebuchadnezzar, bound him in 
fetters to carry him to Babylon," II Chron. 36: 6. Prophecy 
of ignominious burial, Jer. 22:18, 19; 36:30. Rest of the 
acts of Jehoiakim, and his abominations, which he did and 
that which was found in him, 36 : 8. " Slept with his fathers," 
24: 6. (Book of Jeremiah, chs. 26, 7-10, 14-20: 18, 35. 
Fourth year messages, chs. 36, 45, 25, 46; chs. 47-49, 13, 22, 

23-) 

Prophecies, Experiences, and Manner of Teaching. — Object 
Lessons. — Ch. 26: "I will make this house like Shiloh," v. 6. 
" Thou shalt surely die." " I am in your hand." " Not 
worthy to die: for he hath spoken to us in the name of the 
Lord our God." 

Chs. 7-10: The message. Conception of God, 10: 6, 7, 10, 
12, 13, 16, 23, 24. 

Ch. 14: The prophet's prayer, intercessory, vs. 7-10. 

Ch. 15: No intercession, utter rejection, v. 4. 

Ch. 16: Unmarried. 

Ch. 17: Cursed — blessed — the Sabbath day. 

Ch. 18: Potter's wheel. "As the clay is in the potter's 
hand, so are ye in mine hand," v. 6; Rom. 9: 20, 21. Con- 
spirators, v. 18. 

Ch. 19: Potter's earthen bottle. "Even so will I break 
this people and this city," vs. 10, 11. 

Ch. 20: Smitten and in stocks, vs. 3-6. 

Ch. 35: Rechabites — " their father and Me," v. 14. 

Fourth Year Messages: 

1 . Ch. 36 : The Indestructible Book. " Take thee a roll of a 
book, and write therein all the words," etc. — Baruch, the scribe, 
vs. 4, 18. The fast day. The king cast it into the fire, etc., 
v. 23. Judgment denounced, vs. 29-31. A new and en- 
larged edition. 

2. Ch. 45: Baruch. 

3. Ch. 25: Prophecies of the Babylonian captivity, and 
of the destruction of Babylon and " of all the nations." 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY 99 

4. Ch. 46 : The overthrow of Pharaoh's army in Carchemish, 
v. 2. Conquest of Egypt by Nebuchadnezzar, vs. 13, 25, 26. 

Chs. 47-49: Prophecies against the nations. The order 
is geographical: Egypt first — Babylon last. 

Ch. 13: The linen girdle. " This evil people," " good for 
nothing," v. 10. 

Ch. 22: The judgment of the three kings. 

Ch. 23: Restoration — Messianic. Christ promised, vs. 
5, 6. False prophets and mockers. 

Jehoiachin, B. C. 597 (three months), II Kings 24:6-16; 
II Chron. 36: 8-10; Jer. 22: 20-30 (Coniah). " Evil in the 
sight of the Lord." 

Jerusalem besieged, 24:10, 11. Jehoiachin "taken to 
Babylon with the goodly vessels of the house of the Lord," 
36: 10. 

Second captivity, II Kings 24: 12-16. Ten thousand cap- 
tives, " none remained save the poorest sort of the people of 
the land." " All the men of might ... all that were 
strong and apt for war . . . brought captive to Babylon." 

" Jehoiachin was scarcely on the throne when the Chaldean 
forces which had been ravaging Judea were joined by Nebu- 
chadnezzar himself and closed around Jerusalem. Jehoiachin 
surrendered at discretion. The arm of Babylon, raised to 
strike his father, fell on him, and fulfilled the prophecy 
against Jehoiakim," Jer. 36:30 (Hastings). 

Ezekiel was carried away with him (Ezek. 1:1, 2); also 
the great grandfather of Mordecai (Esth. 2: 5, 6). Jeremiah's 
prophecy of Jehoiachin's captivity (Jer. 22 : 24-30) was thus 
fulfilled. His life in Babylon, II Kings 25: 27-30; Jer. 52: 31. 

Zedekiah (Mattaniah), B. C. 597-586. " But a shadow 
king over a desperate band of men " (H. P. Smith). The 
dregs of the people. " I am afraid," Jer. 38: 14-28; II Kings 
24:17-25:7; II Chron. 36:11-21; Jer. chs. 24-29, 50, 51; 
30~33 • The book of consolation, chs. 34, 37, 39, 52. 

During all these years Jeremiah was uttering his warnings 
in Jerusalem, and Ezekiel, a captive on the river Chebar, was 
sending messages from Babylonia to Palestine, Ezek. 1: 1-3; 
3:1. 



IOO TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Character. — " Evil in the sight of the Lord his God," 
II Chron. 36: 12. " Humbled not himself before Jeremiah 
the prophet speaking from the mouth of the Lord." Rebelled 
against king Nebuchadnezzar, who had made him swear by 
God (v. 13 ; Kzek. 17 : 13), " whose oath he despised, and whose 
covenant he brake," v. 16. Stiffened his neck and hardened 
his heart from turning unto the Lord God of Israel, II Chron. 
36: 13. Chief of the priests and people. Transgressed very- 
much after all the abominations of the heathen. Polluted 
the house of the Lord, which he had hallowed in Jerusalem, 
v. 14. God's efforts of grace. Messengers sent, v. 15. 
They mocked the messengers of God, and despised his words 
and misused his prophets, until the wrath of the Lord arose 
against his people till there was no remedy, v. 16. Jerusalem 
destroyed, vs. 17-20. (Study, to learn the difference between 
the attitude of Jeremiah and that of the national party at 
this crisis of Jewish history.) 

Ch. 24: Under the type of " good " and " evil " figs, Jere- 
miah counsels submission to Babylon. 

Ch. 27: By symbolic " yokes " and "bands" he proph- 
esies God's purpose as to the neighbor nations. The 
remnant of the vessels of the house of the Lord shall be car- 
ried to Babylon. 

Ch. 28: Hanani falsely prophesies the return of the vessels; 
also of Jeconiah (Jehoiachin). 

Ch. 29: Zedekiah's embassy to Babylon, v. 3. Jeremiah 
sends a letter to the captives. Study its substance. Did 
Zedekiah visit Babylon in the fourth year of his reign? Jer. 

5i, 59- 

Ch. 50: The judgment of Babylon, vs. 1, 9, 18, 35, 45, 46. 
The redemption of Israel, vs. 4-6, 17, 33, 34. 

Ch. 5 1 : Severe judgment of Babylon in revenge of 
Israel, vs. 5, 24, 33, 34, 49. Perpetual sinking of Babylon, vs. 

59-64- 

Chs. 30-33: The Book of Consolation. The two great 
subjects of prophetic teaching are " judgment" and " salva- 
tion " extending to all nations. 
, Ch. 30: A gracious return promised. " Because of thy sins, 



THE HEBREW MONARCHY IOI 

I have done these things unto thee," v. 15. " Ye shall be 
my people, and I will be your God," v. 22. 

Ch. 31 : Restoration. I have loved thee with an everlasting 
love, therefore with loving kindness have I drawn thee, v. 3. 
A great company shall return thither, v. 8. (Note v. 26.) 
" A new Covenant," " my law written in the heart," " forgive 
their iniquity," " remember their sin no more." (Memorize 

vs. 31-34.) 

Ch. 32: Jerusalem besieged; Jeremiah, imprisoned for his 
prophecy (vs. 3-5), expresses his faith in God's promise of the 
return from captivity by a " land purchase," vs. 6-15, 25, 37. 
The gracious return. " My people," " their God," " one 
heart," " an everlasting covenant." Conception of God, 17- 
19, 27. 

Ch. 23: The second message, while shut up in the prison 
court. The Lord promises a gracious return, v. 14. Mes- 
sianic, vs. 14-17. Christ, the righteous Branch (a descendant 
of David), Jer. 23:5, 6. Jehovah tsidkenu, " The Lord our 
Righteousness." " Prophecy had already taught its truths; 
its last effort was to reveal itself in a life." 

Ch. 34: Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, and all his 
army, and all the kingdoms of the earth of his dominion, and 
the people fought against Jerusalem, v. 1; chs. 39: 1; 52:4; 

II Kings 25: 1. God's judgment on Jerusalem for revolt- 
ing from Babylon to Egypt, Ezek. 17: 11-20. Jeremiah's 
prophecy, vs. 2-7. Proclamation of liberty to bondservants. 
The siege raised by the appearance of Pharaoh's army, ch. 
37:5-10. Insincere repentance, v. 11. God's message, 
vs. 17-22. 

Ch. 37: Siege being raised. Chaldeans departed. Zede- 
kiah sent to the prophet, saying, " Pray now unto the Lord 
our God for us." Prophesies Chaldeans' certain return and 
victory. Jeremiah taken as a fugitive, beaten, imprisoned, 
vs. 11-15. By favor of the king, transferred to " the court of 
the prison," vs. 16-21. 

Ch. 21 : "I set before you the way of life and the way of 
death," v. 8. 

Ch. 38: " Let this man be put to death." " Seeketh not 



102 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

the welfare of the people but their heart." " Behold he is 
in your hand." " In the miry dungeon." Ebed-melech, 
39: 16. 

Ch. 38: Zedekiah's secret conference, vs. 14-27. Jere- 
miah abode in " the court of the prison " until the day 
Jerusalem was taken, v. 28. 

Horrors of the siege. Famine prevailed — " no bread," 
Lam. 4: 5-10. 

586. City broken up, II Kings 25: 2, 3; Jer. 39: 2; 52: 6. 

Chs. 39, 52: The city and the temple in ruins. King 
Zedekiah's effort to escape; his fate. Prophecies fulfilled, 
Ezek. 12: 10-13; J er - 3 2 ' 3~5- Treasures of city, palace, and 
temple, II Kings 25; Jer. 52. The captives, 39:9, 10; Jer. 
52: 15, 16, 28-30. 

Deportations. — 1. B. C. 604. Jehoiakim's fourth year, 
King of Babylon, first year, Daniel, and a few others. 

2 - 598. Jehoiakim's tenth year, King of Babylon, seventh 
year, 3023 persons. 

3. 597. King of Babylon, eighth year, 10,000 persons. 

4. 586. Zedekiah's eleventh year, King of Babylon, eight- 
eenth year, 832 persons. 

5. 582. By captain of the guard, twenty- third year, 745 
persons. 

Nos. 3, 4, 5, all belong to the third campaign. 

Following the Fall of Jerusalem. — Jeremiah and the rem- 
nant in Judea, chs. 40-42. Nebuchadnezzar's charge con- 
cerning Jeremiah, 39: 11-14. 

Ch. 40: Nebuzar-adan, the captain of the guard, vs. 1-6. 
Gedaliah made governor, vs. 7-12. 

Ch. 41: Ishmael, vs. 1-10; Johanan, vs. 11-18. 

Ch. 42 : Jeremiah requested to pray for God's guidance, vs. 
1-6. Assures them of safety in Judea; destruction in Egypt, 
vs. 19-22. Jeremiah and the remnant in Egypt, chs. 43, 44. 

Ch. 43 : Carried into Egypt, vs. 1-7. Prophesies conquest 
of Egypt by Nebuchadnezzar, vs. 8-13. 

Ch. 44: Protesting against their idolatry, he prophesies 
their destruction, vs. 26-28. For a sign the overthrow of 
Pharaoh-hophra, vs. 29, 30. 



THE CAPTIVITY 103 

Ofcadiah, Prophet 

" Worshiper of Jehovah." 

Personal History. — Nothing is known. 

Date. — Probably after the final capture of Jerusalem by the 
Chaldeans, B. C. 586. " Judah's calamity," vs. 10-16. 

Theme. — The downfall of Kdom. (Israel's implacable foe.) 

Occasion. — The hostility shown by the sons of Esau to 
their brethren, the Israelites, at the fall of Jerusalem, shouting 
" Down with it, down with it, even to the ground," Lam. 
4: 21, 22; Ps. 137: 7. 

Summary. — Divine retribution on Edom and the guilt 
that called it down, vs. 1-16. Vivid prediction of our 
Saviour's coming to Mt. Zion, the glorious reign of the 
Messiah, vs. 17-21. (Note vs. 2, 10, 15, 17, 21.) 

NEW TESTAMENT TEACHINGS OF EPOCH IV. 

Rom. 6: 23 : " The wages of sin is death; but the gift of God 
is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord." 

II Cor. 4: 6: " For God, . . . hath shined in our hearts, 
to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the 
face of Jesus Christ." 



THE CAPTIVITY 

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BOOK OF THE PROPHET EZEKIEL 

Author. — Ezekiel, " God strengthens." Priest and prophet. 
" Dante of the Bible." 

Personal History. — Son of Buzi, 1:3. Carried captive by 
Nebuchadnezzar, II Kings 24: 10; Ezek. 1:2; 33: 21. B. C. 
597. Lived among the exiled Jews at Tell Abib, on the river 



104 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Chebar (one of the large irrigating canals of Babylonia, run- 
ning across the plain between the Euphrates and the Tigris). 
Was married, and had a house of his own, 24: 18; 8: 1. Was 
resorted to for advice and guidance by the elders of the 
captivity, 8: 1; 14: 1; 20: 1. Mocked, 33:30-33. 

Prophetic Activity. — B. C. 592 (1: i-3)-B. C. 570 (29: 17) — 
twenty-two years. 

Call to Prophesy. — Ch. 1:2,3: "In the thirtieth year," v. 1. 
Probably the " thirtieth year " of his own age (B. C. 622 or 
621), the time of the reform of Josiah. (Jeremiah was an 
influence in his life.) " I saw visions of God." 

Commission. — Ch. 2:3-5. Instruction, vs. 6-8. The roll of 
his prophecy, vs. 9, 10. The roll eaten, 3: 1-3; ch. 3:4-14; 

15-27. 

Methods. — Visions, acted parables, picturesque allegories; 
symbolical; apocalyptic. 

Conditions. — Revolts of Zedekiah against Chaldea at the 
instigation of Egypt, resulting in the capture of Jerusalem 
and the deportation of the Jews to Babylon. 

Theme. — The certainty and the necessity of the captivity 
(under five heads): (1) God's majesty. (2) Israel's apostasy 
and chastisement. (3) The judgments to come on heathen 
nations. (4) Israel's restoration. (5) The final consumma- 
tion of the kingdom of peace. 

Contents. — Chs. 1-24: The approaching fall of Jerusalem. 

Chs. 25-32 : Oracles against foreign nations. 

Chs. 33-48 : The restoration. 

Analysis. — Chs. 1-24: The approaching fall of Jerusalem. 

Data. — B. C. 592. Ezek. 1:2. Fifth year of Jehoiachin's 
captivity — Elders of Judah. 

B.C. 591. Ezek. 8:1. Sixth year of Jehoiachin's cap- 
tivity. 

B. C. 590. Ezek. 20: 1. Seventh year of Jehoiachin's 
captivity. 

B. C. 588. Ezek. 24: 1. Ninth year of Jehoiachin's cap- 
tivity. 

Ch. 1: Visions of God: (1) The Divine Majesty. The 
cherubim, chariot, and the glory of God, Rev. 1 : 1 7 ; 4 : 6. 



THE CAPTIVITY 105 

" The providence of God envelops the world, and is control- 
ling and using all things for the unfolding of his kingdom and 
its glorious consummation." Man: Spiritual intelligence. 
Lion: Power. Ox: Patient, enduring work. Eagle: Lofty, 
penetrating, far-seeing vision. Living creatures and moving 
wheels: Universal Providence. 

Chs. 2, 3: Ezekiel's commission (2), Israel's apostasy, vs. 
1-14. Watchman, vs. 15-21. God and his mouth, vs. 22-27. 

Ch. 4: Tile siege, vs. 1-8; 9-17. 

Ch. 5: Israel's chastisement, vs. 5— 11. " Because of all 
thy abominations " " neither shall mine eye spare . . . 
pity." 

Ch. 6: Mountains of Israel. "I will destroy." "Ye 
shall know that I am the Lord," vs. 2, 7-14. A remnant. 

Ch. 7: " The end," " final desolation," all thine abomina- 
tions, vs. 3, 4, 9, 27. (The enemies defile " the sanctuary 
because of Israel's abominations," vs. 20-22.) 

Ch. 8: A vision of God at Jerusalem, B. C. 591, vs. 1-4; 
17, 18. 

Ch. 9: The "marked" preserved, vs. 4-7. No interces- 
sion, vs. 8-1 1. 

Ch. 10: Cherubim; coals of fire to be scattered over 
Jerusalem. " Glory of the Lord departed from house," etc., 
v. 18. 

Ch. 1 1 : The princes — their sin and judgment. A remnant 
to be saved, vs. 16-20. The glory of God leaves the city, 
vs. 22, 23. Ezekiel is returned into Chaldea, to the captivity, 
vs. 24, 25. 

Ch. 12: Ezekiel, a sign unto the house of Israel, 1-7, 11. 
The captivity of Zedekiah, vs. 8-16 (v. 13), v. 28. 

Ch. 13: Lying prophets. Untempered mortar, 1-9, 15, 
16, 23. 

Ch. 14: Idolaters, vs. 3-1 1. Noah, Daniel, and Job. 
God's sentence irrevocable. Remnant, v. 23. " Ye shall 
know that I have not done without cause all that I have 
done in it (Jerusalem)." 

Ch. 15: Rejection of Jerusalem, vs. 6-8. 

Ch. 16: The harlot — an awful chapter. 



106 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Ch. 17: Jerusalem's judgment for revolting from Babylon 
to Egypt, vs. 12-21. Cedar of gospel to be planted, vs. 22-24. 

Ch. 18: Individual responsibility, vs. 1-4; 19-24; 31, 32. 

Ch. 19: Lament over the Princes of Israel. Jehoahaz, who 
was carried captive to Egypt, vs. 1-4 (II Kings 23:31-34; 
Jer. 22 : 10-12) ; Jehoiachin, who was taken to Babylon, vs. 5-9. 

Ch. 20: B. C. 590. Necessity of the doom in that Jeho- 
vah's name has been profaned, vs. 1-4, 5-9, 12, 14, 22, 31, 33, 

35, 37, 42, 44- 

Chs. 21-23: Iniquity of Israel is now full, vs. 5-7, 17, 26, 27; 
ch. 22: 8, 12, 14, 16, 22, 31; ch. 23: Judgment. 

Ch. 24: B. C. 588, vs. 1, 2. Commencement of the siege. 
Irrevocable destruction, vs. 13, 14. Sudden death of his wife, 
no mourning, beyond all sorrow, shows the calamity of the 
Jews, vs. 15-27. " With a broken heart, but an unbroken 
purpose." 

Chs. 25-32: Interlude. Oracles against the surrounding 
nations, Ps. 9: 17. 

Data. — Geographical, not chronological. 

B. C. 586. Ezek. 26: 1-28: 16. At time of destruction 
of Jerusalem. 

B. C. 587. Ezek. 29: 1-16. Tenth year. 

B. C. 570. Ezek. 29: 17-21. Twenty-seventh year. 

B. C. 586. Ezek. 30: 20-26. Three months before fall of 
Jerusalem. 

B. C. 586. Ezek. 31: 1. Five weeks before fall of Jeru- 
salem. 

B. C. 586. Ezek. 33: 21. At time of fall of Jerusalem. 

B. C. 585. Ezek. 32: 1-16. Twenty months after fall of 
Jerusalem. 

B. C. 585. Ezek. 32: 17-32. Fourteen days later. 

Ch. 25: Ammonites, vs. 3-8. "I will destroy thee." 
(In studying these chapters note: the sin, the punishment, 
and the purpose of the punishment.) Moab, vs. 8-1 1; 
Edom, vs. 12-14; Philistines, vs. 15-17. 

Ch. 26: B. C. 586. Tyrus, vs. 2-6. I will bring Nebuchad- 
nezzar, vs. 7-14. Fall of Tyre, " thou shalt be no more," 
v. 21. 



THE CAPTIVITY 107 

Ch. 27: Riches and large commerce, vs. 32, 36; " never shall 
be any more." 

Ch. 28: Prince of Tyre. Sacrilegious pride, vs. 2-10. 
" Never shall be any more," v. 19. Zidon, vs. 22-26. 

Ch. 29: B. C. 587. Pharaoh, vs. 1-758-12. Restoration 
of Egypt after forty years, vs. 13-16. 

B. C. 570. Egypt, the reward of Nebuchadnezzar, vs. 17- 
20. Restoration of Israel. Opening of Ezekiel's mouth, v. 2 1 . 

Ch. 30: Egypt and her helpers, vs. 6, 8, 10-13, 19. B. C. 
586. Three months before the fall of Jerusalem, vs. 20-26. 

Ch. 31: Five weeks before the fall of Jerusalem, vs. 2: 18. 

Ch. 32: B. C. 585. Twenty months after the fall of Jeru- 
salem, vs. 1-16. Fall of Egypt, vs. 11, 15, 16. B. C. 585, vs. 
17-32. " Brought down to hell among all the uncircumcised 
nations." 

The reasons for these judgments upon the sins of the idol- 
atrous nations seems to be — 

(1) To show Jews and Gentiles that the puuishment of 
the Jews was on account of sin, the same sins Gentiles were 
committing and for which they must suffer. 

(2) The nations were destroyed without hope, because 
there was no hope of their repenting. 

(3) " The motive of the judgment announced is to prepare 
the way for the restoration of Israel by removing the evil 
influences which had sprung up from the people's contact 
with its heathen neighbors in the past," Ezek. 28:24-26; 
29: 16 (Professor Skinner). 

(4) " These judgments will awaken the nations to the 
knowledge of who the God of Israel is," 36:23 (Professor 
Davidson). 

Chs. 33-48: The Restoration. The exiles must be restored 
to Palestine to vindicate God's name to the world, and to 
secure a holy worship from his people in his temple. 

Chs. 33-39: (a) Spiritual resurrection of Israel from low 
conditions. 

(b) Mystical representations of the glory of the new 
Jerusalem, under forms of the old covenant. Final consumma- 
tion of the kingdom of peace. 



108 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Ezekiel is bringing hope to the exiles, preparing them to be 
restored, first, to God, and then to their country; urging upon 
them the new heart ; spiritual regeneration, like a resurrection 
from the dead; a new vision of their God; a new temple, and 
temple service of worship. 

Ch. 33 : Conditions of the New Kingdom : Duty of a watch- 
man, v. 21. B. C. 586: News of the capture of Jerusalem, 
v. 22. " No more dumb." Land desolate, v. 29. Mockers 
of the prophets, vs. 30-33. 

Ch. 34: Description of the ruler. Shepherds, vs. 2-5, 10, 
11-19. The Kingdom of Christ, vs. 23-31. " Covenant of 
peace"; "showers of blessings," vs. 30, 31; Ps. 23; John 
10: 1-18. 

Ch. 35: Mt. Seir — "their perpetual hatred," vs. 5, 15. 
Dawning rays of a new day, Kzek. 34; 36: 28-38. 

Ch. 36: Heart of stone changed into a Living Heart (vs. 
26, 27), without their deserving it, vs. 21-24, 3 2 - Heathen 
shall know, vs. 36-38; vs. 26, 27; God, a Spirit, John 4: 24; 
Ps. 51: 10; Heb. 10: 22; Eph. 5: 26; I Cor. 6: 11; II Cor. 7:1; 
John 15: 3; Mark 1:44; I John 1: 7-9; Rev. 1:5; 7: 14; 19: 8. 

Ch. 37 : Valley of Dry Bones and the Resurrection to Life, 
vs. 11-14. Proof of the Divine Power to save. Quickening, 
John 5: 21; 6: 63; 11: 25, 43; 14: 17; 15: 26; 16: 13; Ps. 80: 18. 
Rom. 4: 17; 8: 2, 11, 26; II Cor. 3: 17; Gal. 5: 16, 22, 25; 
6: 8; II Cor. 3: 17; Eph. 2:1; 3: 16; 4: 30; 5: 18; 6: 17; Col. 
2: 13; I Thess. 5: 19; Heb. 9: 14; I Peter 1: 18, 19. Vs. 15-19: 
Incorporation of Israel into Judah. 

Chs. 38, 39: Gog. Type of heathenism contending against 
the kingdom of God. Final struggle. The Lord's defense of 
his people in the latter day. 

Chs. 40-43 : The final glory of the redeemed, as seen in the 
vision of the temple. Returning of the glory of God into the 
temple, 43 : 1-7. God's permanent presence. Body of Christ, 
John 2: 19-21; I Cor. 3: 16; 6: 19; II Cor. 6: 16; Rev. 3: 12; 
7: 15; 11 : 19; 15: 8. No temple, Rev. 21:3, 4; 21: 22. 

Chs. 44-46: Temple services. E. gate shut. 

Ch. 47: Condition of the land, with its life-giving river 
issuing from the temple. Vs. 1-12: River of the Water of 



the: captivity 109 

Life. Holy Spirit, Jer. 2: 13; 17: 13; John 3:5; 4: 10; Rev. 
7: 17; 21 : 6; 22: 1, 2. 

Ch. 48 : The Arrangement of the Tribes. 

Key-expression. — Ch. 48:35: Jehovah-Shammah. "The 
Lord is there," Rev. 21:3; 22:3. Chs. 40-48: Apoca- 
lyptic — they have strongly influenced the book of the Reve- 
lation in the New Testament, Ps. 44, 74, 79, 80, 137. 

The spiritual ideas of Christianity emerged, under the 
guidance of the Spirit, out of the ruins of apostate Judaism. 

Teaching. — God's abiding Presence, Ps. 15: 1; John 14:6; 
I5:4> 5, 7, 10; I John 2: 27, 28; 3:6, 24. 

THE BOOK OF DANIEL 

Author. — Daniel, "the prophet" (Matt. 24:15). "God 
is my Judge." 

Date. — B. C. 605-535. Jewish tradition is that each his- 
torical event was recorded at the time it happened — each 
vision also — by Daniel himself. 

" These documents were conveyed with other sacred works 
from Babylon to Jerusalem at the time of the return "; and 
they were put together in their later form by the " Great 
Synagogue." Neither language, historical references, nor 
doctrines imply any later date than Daniel himself. 

Language. — Chs. 2:4-7:28: Chaldee; spoken by the 
Jews during the Babylonian captivity. The rest of the book 
is in Hebrew, with several Persian and even a few Greek words. 

Contents. — Chs. 1-6: Historical — five wonderful stories. 
Chs. 7-12: Prophetical — four dated Apocalypses. 

Personal History. — B. C. 622-534. Princely lineage. 
Carried captive 605 B. C, Dan'l 1 : 1 ; 2 : 1 ; II Kings 24: 1-5 ; 
II Chron. 36:5-8. Training, Dan'l 1:4. Employed in the 
king's service; attained to great dignity; remained in high 
office until Cyrus' third year, 535 B. C. 

Character. — An example of piety (Kzek. 14: 14), extolled for 
wisdom, Ezek. 28:3. A man of prayer (Ps. 91: 1). "Life 
hid with Christ in God" (Col. 3:3). "The secret of the 
Lord is with them that fear Him," Ps. 25: 14; Amos 3:7. 



IIO TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Daniel, more than any Old Testament character, resembles 
" the disciple whom Jesus loved." It was thrice said of him, 
by an angel, that he " was greatly beloved." He is the type 
of the Christian in the world. 

Analysis of the Book. — 

603. Ch. 1 : Who Daniel and his companions were. The 
pulse " keeping the body under." 

586. Ch. 2: The Colossus, vs. 14-23; v. 17. Use of the 
privilege of prayer, vs. 27-30. Babylon, Persia, Greece, and 
Rome are represented in Nebuchadnezzar's dream under the 
symbol of an image, and in Daniel's (ch. 7) under that of four 
beasts, to be succeeded eventually by the Kingdom of Christ. 
Conception of God — the source of all wisdom and power, vs. 
20-23. 

586. Ch. 3 : The Furnace. " Nebuchadnezzar's great as- 
semblage of people, from all over his Empire, had for its 
object the consolidation of his whole kingdom by a grand 
religious festival, celebrating his triumphant campaign against 
Egypt, Syria, and Arabia." Vs. 13-18: Nebuchadnezzar's 
direct challenge and defiance of God (v. 15, last sentence) 
is answered by a decisive interposition, vs. 24-30. 

The supernatural element in history and in prophecy 
were peculiar interpositions from above, occasioned by the 
affairs of God's kingdom at this time; thus: 

The Lord's Covenant people vs. Babylonish captivity. 
The Lord's promise of a throne vs. downfall of throne of 
David. The Lord's promise of a kingdom which should 
inherit the world vs. scattering of his people by a heathen 
power. 

570. Ch. 4: Nebuchadnezzar's confession, vs. 2, 3, 26, 27, 
34-37. Conception of God. 

538. Ch. 5: Belshazzar's feast: Daniel's interpretation of 
the handwriting, vs. 17-29. " God hast thou not glorified," 
v. 23. Passing of the empire. 

537. Ch. 6: The den of lions. Daniel's habit of prayer, 
v. 10. " Thy God whom thou servest continually, he will 
deliver," v. 16. 



THE CAPTIVITY III 

" E'en down to old age, my people shall prove 
My sovereign, eternal, unchangeable love." (Vs. 21, 22.) 

Visions. — The rise and fall of successive world-powers, and 
the final triumph of the kingdom of God. The power of the 
stone cut out of the mountain without hands (2:45), and 
dominion given to one like unto a son of man (7 : 13 R. V.) are 
proofs of strong Messianic hope. 

555. Ch. 7: Four beasts, vs. 18, 25, 27. The world- 
powers. 

Dream — Image, ch. 2: 31-45. Vision — four beasts, 7: 3-8, 
15-27: 

Babylonia — First, " Thou art this head of gold," vs. 32, 38. 

Persia — Second, " Breast and arms of silver," vs. 32, 39. 

Greece — Third, " Belly and thighs of brass," vs. 32, 39. 

Rome — Fourth, " Legs of iron," etc., vs. 33, 40. 

553. Ch. 8: Two beasts. Struggle between the Persian 
and Grecian powers, " the ram and the he-goat," and the rise 
of the corrupting influence of Antiochus Kpiphanes — the 
" little horn " — which prepared the way for the final over- 
throw of the Jews by the Romans. 

538. Ch. 9: Daniel's prayer. His knowledge of the date 
of the end of the captivity was an incentive to prayer, vs. 1-20. 

The angel Gabriel makes the explicit prophetic statement of 
the time of the coming of the Messiah, vs. 24-27. Reckoning 
from the decree of Artaxerxes, " seven weeks " and " three- 
score and two weeks " (483 years), the Messiah was to close 
his mission. In the midst of one week (three and one-half 
years) he was to be cut off. (This corresponds to the facts 
as verified in the appearance and crucifixion of Christ.) 

534. Ch. 10: Opposition of the Persian power to the res- 
toration of the Jews. 

538. Ch. 1 1 : Predicts the history of the four Persian kings 
— Cambyses, Smerdis (Pseudo), Darius, and Xerxes; and the 
rise of Alexander and his successors to the conquest of Syria 
by Rome. 

Ch. 12: Growth of the supremacy of Christ's kingdom to 
the end of the world. 



112 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Messianic. — His coming to judgment foretold (ch. 7: 13, 
14; Matt. 24:30), and the time of his appearing, 9:24; 
John 1: 41. 

Apocalypse. — The distinctive character and grand scope of 
the book designates it the Apocalypse of the Old Testament, 
as the Revelation of St. John is of the New Testament. 

Need of Apocalyptic visions of Daniel. The prospective 
circumstances of the Lord's people called for an insight into 
the future. 

(1) Not to be entirely gathered together again — the king- 
dom of God to assume a more diffusive character. 

(2) Prophecy as an abiding gift was to cease. 

(3) A long period of feebleness and adversity before them, 
when God's people would have to struggle with heavy trials 
and discouragements. 

Passing of the World Empires 

Babylonia. — " Thou art this head of gold," Dan'l 2 : 32, 38. 
Rise of Babylon. (For boundaries, extent, and early history 
consult Davis' " Bible Dictionary," pages 66, 67.) 

Babylonian independence was finally secured by Nabo- 
polassar, 625 B. C. " From this time Babylon rose in gran- 
deur, power, and extent till it became, under Nebuchadnezzar, 
the most magnificent and beautiful city of antiquitjr." 
Babylon was the metropolis of the world, the center of com- 
merce, art, and wisdom. The wealth of the world poured 
into the coffers of its merchants." 

Nebuchadnezzar is the greatest monarch of this empire, 
which lasted only eighty-eight years — B. C. 625-538. But 
for him it would perhaps have no place in history. To him 
is due its military glory, and its constructive energy is due to 
his grandeur of conception and skill in construction. Bricks 
inscribed with his name are found in abundance. Prophecies, 
Isa. 13, 14, 21: 1-9; 43: 14-17; 46: 1; 2, 9-13; Jer. 50, 51. 

In the midst of this magnificence Jeremiah's voice is heard : 
" It shall come to pass when seventy years are accomplished, 
I will punish the king of Babylon and that nation for their 



THE CAPTIVITY 113 

iniquity, and will make it perpetual desolations." So com- 
pletely was this prophecy fulfilled that the very site of it was 
for a long time a perplexing mystery. 

Key-thoughts. — (1) God's tender care of his people in saving 
them from their enemies. (2) An essential link in the restora- 
tion of the Jews. (3) Babylon symbolically represents the 
spiritual principalities of evil. 

(Persia, Greece, and Rome will be found in Period 
Malachi-Matthew.) 
8 



RESTORATION ERA— RETURN FROM 
CAPTIVITY 

RECORD OF RECONSTRUCTION OF THE JEWISH 

STATE 

From the return under Zerubbabel, 536 B. C. (Ezra 1:1), 
to the close of the Old Testament, B. C. 420, or 116 years. 
536. First return under Zerubbabel with 50,000 exiles. 

Book of Ezra — Cyrus Sole Ruler of Babylonian Empire 

535. The foundations of the temple laid — Haggai, Zecha- 
riah, urging the completion of the temple. 

516. The second temple completed. 

479. Esther becomes queen. Work of Ezra the Scribe. 

458. Second return, under Ezra, from Babylon. Revision 
of the Scriptures. 

444. Nehemiah comes to Jerusalem. 

Book of Esther 

444 to 427. Nehemiah's work of restoration and reform to 
and beyond. 

Book of Nehemiah 

397 to 317. Aided or soon followed by Malachi. 

Book of Malachi 

The land of Israel now begins to be called Judea; the people, 
Judeans, shortened to " Jews." 

(114) 



RESTORATION ERA — RETURN FROM CAPTIVITY 115 

THE PERSIAN PERIOD, 538-333 B. C. 
Persian Empire: 

Cyrus, king 558-529 B. C. (death). 

Cambyses, king 529-522 B. C. 

Darius Hystaspes, king 521-485 B. C. 

Cyrus. — A political statesman with a religious turn of mind. 
In his inscriptions on the Cyrus cylinder he favors other 
gods, either because he believed in their reality, or for polit- 
ical purposes. It was his principle to adopt the gods and 
the worship of those conquered, and thus become a restorer 
of old paths. 

Cambyses. — Near the close of Cyrus' life his son, Cambyses, 
was made king while Cyrus was on an expedition. 

A fierce, cruel ruler — a man of ungoverned impulses, violent 
passions, armed with unlimited power. Busy with efforts to 
conquer Egypt, terror and desolation spread over Palestine. 
A most discouraging period. He was succeeded by his general 
Gomates for a few months till 521, when Darius Hystaspes 
began to reign. 

Darius Hystaspes. — A monotheist — restored the temple 
of the gods; inclined to toleration; occupied with internal 
troubles and foreign wars. Organized Asia into twenty-three 
Satrapies. Engaged in fighting for supremacy. 

490. Greeks gained the battle of Marathon against his 
forces. His policy was favorable to the Jews. Confirmed 
the edict of Cyrus. Permitted the rebuilding of the temple 
at Jerusalem. 

" Now that Babylon had been overthrown, there existed 
but one powerful state bordering on the kingdom of Persia, and 
that was the old lands of the pyramids, Egypt, which just at 
this time was enjoying a new lease of vigor under the long and 
prosperous reign of Amasis " (Professor Cornill). 

Cyrus' Policy of Return. — " Palestine was in the narrow 
pathway between the two empires. Hence Cyrus would 
naturally build up in Palestine the ancient fortress which he 
could make the center of offensive and defensive campaigns 
against Egypt. ' 



Il6 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Preparation for the Return. — Spiritual and providential. 
Spiritual: (a) At the time of the captivity the peo- 
ple were " sifted as wheat," like Peter; 
the best were carried captive by Nebu- 
chadnezzar. 

(b) Whole period of the exile eliminated the 
dross. 

(c) The call for volunteers. 
Lessons Learned: 

(i) Cured of tendency to idolatry. 

(2) New value on spiritual religion. 

(3) Need and value of temple worship and of the Sabbath. 

(4) Renewed study of the Scriptures. 

(5) The guardianship, transcription, and study of the writ- 
ten Scriptures became the special care of a distinct class, hence 
the great order of the Scribes. 

(6) Establishment of the synagogues and its schools. 

(7) Authorship of some of the noblest and highest literature. 

(8) Tribes of Israel and Judah bound together as one nation. 

(9) Views of the nation extended; sympathies enlarged. 

(10) Came in contact with new ideas, new literature, new 
language. 

(11) Superiority of Hebrew character, intellectually and 
morally, commonly secured the advancement and prosperity 
of the captives (Daniel-Nehemiah, etc.). 

Providential: A change in the policy of the Babylonian 
government. Nebuchadnezzar made captives of 
conquered nations. Nabonidus degraded their gods 
before the gods of Babylon. People were deeply 
incensed, and welcomed Cyrus, who gradually be- 
came the conquerer of Persia (546), of Media, and 
Babylonia (538). His policy was exactly the op- 
posite — he permitted whoever would to return to 
their own lands and bound the whole empire to- 
gether by his conciliatory course. 
The First Return. — Under Zerubbabel, Ezra 2 : 63. Joshua, 
the hereditary high priest, Ezra 3:8. 

536 to 516. Ezra, chs. 1-6. Haggai. Zechariah. 



RESTORATION ERA — RETURN FROM CAPTIVITY 117 

EZRA. The Agency of God 

536. 1: 1-2: 2: The edict and aid of Cyrus. 

536. Ch. 2: 64, 65 : The returning clans, Ps. 126. 

Oct. 1-7. Altar set up. Revival of religious services. 

535. May 8-1 1. Foundations of the temple laid — young 
men rejoicing — old men weeping, vs. 12, 13. Ch. 4: 1-24: 
Adversaries — opposition — delay. 

Ch. 4:5:" . . . to frustrate their purpose, all the days 
of Cyrus, king of Persia, even until the reign of Darius, king 
of Persia." Ch. 4:6: " In the reign of Ahasuerus, . . . 
wrote they unto him." 

529. Cyrus was succeeded by his son Cambyses (most 
probably the Ahasuerus of Ezra 4: 6), who invaded Egypt. 
Ch. 4:7: After Cambyses the throne was usurped by Gomates, 
the Magian, who pretended to be Smerdis, son of Cyrus. 
He is the Artaxerxes who forbade the rebuilding of the temple, 
ch. 4: 17-24. He was slain after a reign of seven months, and 
was succeeded by Darius Hystaspes (v. 24), under whom the 
temple was completed. 

520. Ch. 5:1: Prophets Haggai-Zechariah. 

PROPHECY OF HAGGAI 

" Festive," Ezra 5: 1; 6: 14. The Prophet of Public Wor- 
ship; the Church-builder. 

Time Covered. — Four prophecies within four months in 
520 B. C, second year of Darius. 

Theme. — " Consider your ways." Be strong. 

Argument. — (a) The present poverty and insignificance of 
the Jewish community was owing to the displeasure of Jehovah 
over the continued absence of temple worship. 

(b) All the timber absolutely necessary (the hostility of 
their neighbors prevented the importing of wood from 
Lebanon and other sources) could be obtained in the immediate 
locality. 

(c) No discouragement should arise from the inferiority of 
the second temple, as it would one day surpass in magnificence 
the temple of Solomon. 



Il8 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

(d) Jehovah would usher in the world-wide kingdom of 
Israel. 

Biographical Data. — Haggai i: i, 3, 13; 2: 1, 10, 13, 14, 20; 
Ezra 5: 1. 

520. Sept. — First Prophecy. — " At the religious festival of 
the New Moon, when crowds of people were assembled, prob- 
ably (Geikie) in the temple area, where the altar was smoking 
with sacrifices, and the unfinished foundations were in full 
view, while in the distance were the homes and fields of the 
leaders." 

Haggai 1 : 1-15 : Encouraging the builder. Time had come 
to build, v. 2. The people had built comfortable homes for 
themselves, v. 4. God's providence was against them, vs. 6, 
9-1 1 . Spirit of rulers and people stirred, and work was com- 
menced Sept. 24, vs. 12-15. 

God was with them, v. 13. 

520. Oct. 21. — Second Prophecy. — At Feast of Tabernacles, 
Haggai 2 : 1-9. To those who had seen the glory of the 
former temple he declares that the temple they were to build 
would have a greater glory, for (v. 7) the " desirable things " 
of all nations would come to it, Col. 2 : 9. 

520. Dec. 24. — Third Prophecy. — Haggai 2: 10-19: In the 
type of holy things and unclean (vs. 10-14) ne shows that 
their sins hindered the work. Vs. 15-19 : " From this day I will 
bless you.'* 

520. Dec. 24. — Fourth Prophecy. — To Zerubbabel, Gover- 
nor of Judah. Haggai 2 : 20-23 ' Assurance to Zerubbabel. 
The triumph of Israel's mission to the world was imminent. 
Revolution should precede the establishment of kingdom. 
Zerubbabel the " chosen representative of the royal line of 
David" — Messianic. Haggai 2:6 is quoted in Heb. 12:26. 

Haggai's style is plain, straightforward, animated, but not 
imaginative — directed to special situations of his times. 

PROPHECIES OF ZECHARIAH 

Zechariah (" the Lord remembers "), son of Berechiah and 
grandson of Iddo, one of the priests who returned with Zerub- 



RESTORATION ERA — RETURN FROM CAPTIVITY 119 

babel and Joshua, Neh. 12:4, 7. Priest, Neh. 12: 16; the 
head of one of the Davidic courses of priests. 

Birth. — Babylon (probably); when quite young went to 
Jerusalem with Zerubbabel and Joshua. 

Biographical Data. — Zech. 1 : 1, 7 (Ezra 6: 14; Neh. 12: 1-4, 
16; 5: 1); 7: 1. 

Time Covered. — He began to prophesy about two months 
after Haggai began (Nov. B. C. 520) (after the second proph- 
ecy of Haggai), in the second year of Darius Hystaspes, and 
continued for two years, Zech. 7:1. 

520 to 518. " The aged (80) Haggai had aroused enthu- 
siasm and the work on the temple had begun. It had been 
going on a few weeks when the younger prophet Zechariah 
came to his aid." 

Theme. — Learn the lesson of the past. " Return unto me 
and I will return unto you." 

Argument. — Israel as a military state was a failure; a relig- 
ious superiority was the only human means necessary to place 
Israel at the head of the nations of the world. 

Divisions of Book. — Part I, chs. 1-8; Part II, chs. 9-14. 

PART I, Chs. 1-8 

520. Nov. Zech. 1 : 1-7 : Exhortation to repentance. 

519. Feb. Zech. 1:7-6:8: Eight visions in one night. 
Zech. 1: 7-17: The horsemen among the myrtle trees. God 
had not forgotten Jerusalem, vs. 11, 12, 14, 17. Jehovah's 
messengers report all the earth is quiet and the time of favor 
is near. 

Ch. 1: 18-21: The horns and the smiths. World-powers 
vs. Jews, v. 19. The breaking of Judah's enemies. God's 
mighty moral forces (righteousness, justice, conscience, 
providence) are undermining the world-powers for their fall. 
God and the universe on the side of right. 

Ch. 2: 1-13: Man with the measuring line (surveyor). 
No measuring line is long enough to express the extent of the 
future city of God. Illimitable, v. 4. The Lord will be her 
defense, vs. 5, 8, and "will dwell in her midst," vs. 10, 11. 
Many nations will be joined to her. 



120 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Ch. 3: 1-10: Joshua and Satan. The sins of the nation. 
The Lord is going to save Jerusalem, " a brand plucked out of 
the fire," v. 2. The branch, the new shoot will take the place 
of the decayed stump, vs. 8, 9. V. 10: Joshua and his fel- 
lows, types of a better mediator. 

519. Feb. Zech. 4: 1-14: The golden candlestick. The 
restored community receiving oil, v. 6 (i. e., Divine grace), 
through two olive trees (the spiritual and temporal heads), 
Joshua and Zerubbabel, vs. 1-5, 11-14. An assurance of 
success is given to Zerubbabel, vs. 6-10. (Note v. 9.) 

Ch. 5: 1-4: The flying roll. The punishment of sin will 
fall upon the sinner, vs. 3, 4. 

Ch. 5 : 5-1 1 . The woman in the ephah. The removal of 
the people's sin to Shinar, the land of their enemies, v. 1 1 . 

Ch. 6: 1-8: The four chariots. God's messengers over 
the nations, and bearing commissions from him, go to different 
quarters to execute God's judgments, v. 5. 

Chs. 9-15 : The Branch who is to be the true builder of the 
temple shall be both King and Priest. 

" These visions express the great religious truths and prin- 
ciples by which the nation could be redeemed. They bear 
their meaning down the ages for all nations, and all times, 
and for each individual." 

518. Dec. 4. Zech. 7: 1-14: Colloquy in the temple 
between prophets and priests, regarding fasts. God does not 
delight in fasts, vs. 4-7. God's message, vs. 8-14. Captivity 
a punishment to work reform. 

Ch. 8: 1-23: Fasts shall become festivals, v. 19. Restora- 
tion of Jerusalem, vs. 1-9, v. 8. Encouraged to build, vs. 
9-15. Ye shall do, vs. 16, 17. Blessedness of the Jews, vs. 
20-23. 

" The Cost of Prophesying. — The man that can speak to the 
shaking hearts and faltering souls of his own generation must 
be a man who knows his own heart and soul, who has been 
troubled by the same difficulties that are troubling other men. 
A man who has fought out his own battle with life's enigmas, 
has faced the darkness and reached God's light through it. 
In sympathetic touch with the doubting, faltering, failing 



RESTORATION ERA — RETURN FROM CAPTIVITY 121 

men around him. Of like passions with other men, by God's 
spirit triumphant over dangers, obstacles, and difficulties. 
Armed by a faith won in actual conflict, he can fight God's 
battle and become the leader of men." 

PART II, Chs. 9-14 

Prophecies of the destiny of the Church. Zech. 9: 1-8: 
The coming of the Greeks, v. 8. God defends his Church. 
Greece — a world-power. Palestine taken, B. C. 320; lost, 
B. C. 315; retaken, B. C. 301, by Ptolemy, the Greek King of 
Egypt, and held by continual wars against the Greek Kings of 
Syria for a century. 

People more or less Hellenized, religiously indifferent, 10: 2; 
11:5, 12, 17, and factional, 12: 2; 14: 13, 14. 

Ch. 9: 9-12: The Prince of Peace, v. 9. 10-14: Judah and 
Ephraim united to overcome Greeks. 15-17: The Lord their 
defense. 

Ch. 10: 1, 2: Seek the Lord, not diviners. 3, 4: Evil shep- 
herds. 6-12: Israel will share with Judah in the restoration. 
Assyria and Egypt punished. 

Ch. 11: 1-3: War upon Syrian tyrants (Lebanon, Bashan). 
4-8: " Feed the flock of slaughter." 9-17: Gives up the task. 
Rejection of the Good Shepherd. 

Chs. 12-14: A gathering of nations against Jerusalem and 
their overthrow. 

Ch. 12: 1-9: Outpouring of the Spirit upon Jerusalem. 

Ch. 10 : 10-13 : 6 : Results of Jerusalem's deliverance. Open- 
ing of fountain for sin and uncleanness. 

Ch. 14: Judgment of the heathen and the sanctification of 
Jerusalem. 

Prophesies of Christ. — Ch. 2: 10, 11. His Divine Mission, 
9:9. Entry into Jerusalem. Betrayal money, 11:12, 13. 
Pierced side, 12: 10-13. Desertion by disciples, 13: 7. 

Remarkable Promises. — Ch. 13: 12; 14:7-9, 20. 

520 to 516. Four years building the temple, Ezra 4: 24- 
5:2. 

Ezra 5:2; 6: 22: Attempts to hinder. Letter to Darius. 
Decree of Darius — material assistance. 



122 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Ezra 6: 15: Temple (Zerubbabel) completed. 16-18: Dedi- 
cation services. 19-22: Passover observed. 

516 to 458. Interval of fifty-eight years. The story of 
Esther. 

ESTHER 

Esther, Gr., " a star." Persian, Hadassah (Myrtle). 

Time. — Ahasuerus' (Xerxes) reign, B. C. 485-464. 

Place. — Shushan (Susa), the winter capital of the Persian 
Empire, 200 miles south of east from Babylon; 125 miles north 
of the Persian Gulf. Site has been explored; remains of the 
great palace discovered. 

Key-thoughts. — " No weapon that is formed against thee 
shall prosper." " I will not fail thee, nor forsake thee." 

A uthor. — Unknown. Ezra or Mordecai. 

Purpose of the Book. — No doubt to explain how the Feast 
of Purim (Pur, lot, 3 : 7) came to be observed (14th and 15th of 
Adar, usually March). 

Date. — Unknown — probably B. C. 425. 

Peculiarity. — The name of God or Jehovah does not occur 
in any form in its pages. A simple narrative of an episode 
in the history of those Jews who voluntarily remained in 
captivity. 

" Behind the dim unknown 
Standeth God within the shadow 
Keeping watch above his own." 

Time Covered. — Ten years. 

Historical Setting. — The Ahasuerus of Esther has been 
identified almost beyond doubt with Xerxes (B. C. 485-465); 
son and successor of Darius Hystaspes, who, with the Persian 
army, had been defeated by the Greeks at Marathon, Sept., 
B. C. 490. A world-renowned battle, and one of the turning- 
points of the world's history. 

Xerxes was remarkable for natural beauty, pride, and 
imperious self-will. He reigned over nearly all Asia, and in 
485-484 he conquered Egypt. But Greece was still un- 



RESTORATION ERA— RETURN FROM CAPTIVITY 1 23 

conquered. He determined " to lay a bridge over the Helles- 
pont, and to transport an army into Greece to punish the 
Athenians " for their defeat of his father Darius at Marathon. 
Then he added: " I intend to march through all the parts of 
Europe, and reduce the whole earth into one empire, being 
assured that no city or nation will dare to resist my arms. 
Thus we shall extend the Persian territory as far as God's 
heaven reaches " (Herodotus, Ek. 7). For this purpose 
Xerxes held a great assemblage of the noblest Persians, to 
arrange for the expedition against Greece. It is probable that 
this was the feast described in the first chapter as taking 
place in Susa. 

Expedition against Greece, next four years. 
Xerxes' military force, when it reached Ther- 
mopylae 2,641,610 

Attendants 2,641,610 

(Herodotus) Sea force 3000 vessels 

Military force 1,500,000 

(Rawlinson) 1000 vessels 

Army checked at the pass of Thermopylae by Leonidas and 
his immortal 300 (August, 480 B. C). 

Thermistocles, the Greek commander, with 310 sail, de- 
feated Xerxes' fleet at Salamis, near Athens, Oct. 20, 480 B. C, 
and the Persian fleet was destroyed at Mycale, Sept. 22, 479. 
These and other disasters compelled Xerxes to abandon his 
expedition and return home with scarcely 5000 soldiers left. 

483. Esther Ch. 1 : The Great Feast. Vashti. Memu- 
can's counsel. King's decree of man's sovereignty. 

479. Esther Ch. 2: Choice of Queen, vs. 5-7. Esther's 
pedigree. Marriage of Esther. Mordecai's discovery of 
treason recorded in the chronicles. 

473. Esther Ch. 3: Hainan's plot: Revenge on all the 
Jews. V. 7: Pur. 

Ch. 4: Great mourning — Queen Esther coming to the 
rescue, vs. 15-18. 

Ch. 5: Banquets — gallows. 

Ch. 6 : A sleepless night — King examines records. Morde- 
cai's services to be rewarded. " Whom the King delighteth 



124 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

to honor." Mordecai and Haman. V. 13: "If Mordecai 
be of the seed of the Jews, before whom thou hast begun to 
fall, thou shalt not prevail against him, but shall surely fall 
before him." 

Ch. 7: Courage and determination of Esther. God's 
judgment on Haman. 

Ch. 8: Deliverance. 

Ch. 9: Denouement. 

Ch. 10: Mordecai's advancement. 

516. Temple completed. 

485 to 465. Reign of Xerxes. Esther. 

464 to 423. Dec. 17. Reign of Artaxerxes. 

458. Second return under Ezra, Ezra 7: 1-9. 

458 to 445. Thirteen years without mention of Ezra. 

445 to 432. Joint activity of Ezra and Nehemiah. 

445. Nehemiah appointed governor. 

444. Jerusalem fortified. Public reading of the law. 

432. Nehemiah recalled to Babylon, Neh. 13: 6. 

425 (before). Nehemiah's second visit to Jerusalem, 13: 6. 

413. Nehemiah probably returned to Persia — died there ( ?) . 

335 to 331. Darius, the Persian, Neh. 12: 22 (Darius Codo- 
mannus, the last Persian king). 

Two facts characteristic of this era — influences on history 
down to New Testament times. 

(1) The position which the written Word from this time 
takes in the religious life of the people — a position which it 
continued to hold, though it gradually degenerated into an 
inordinate regard for the letter, and a punctilious cultivation 
of the study of the law. 

(2) The opposition of the Samaritans, which developed into 
a rival worship and a religious animosity which is a charac- 
teristic of the New Testament times. 

458 to 444. Persian period — Artaxerxes, called Longi- 
manus (the long-handed), 465, Dec. 17, 423 B. C. 

Second Return. — Ezra, chs. 7-10. Journey to Jerusalem 
and arrival, chs. 7, 8. Reforms, chs. 9, 10. 

The Times. — In Babylon, the Jews remaining there had 
acquired considerable wealth, Ezra 8: 25-28. 



RESTORATION ERA — RETURN FROM CAPTIVITY 1 25 

In Jerusalem. — During the interval of fifty-seven years the 
religious life of the Jews in Palestine had declined, Ezra, ch. 9. 

" The enthusiasm which culminated in the completion of the 
temple had gradually declined into a deadened religious condi- 
tion. The walls had not been restored, and the rubbish still 
arose in long-stretching mounds. The visions of glory had 
faded." " They had expected a vast influx of their brethren, 
from Babylon and other lands, but had been to a great extent 
disappointed. There was no sign as yet of the wealth of the 
Gentiles being poured into their treasuries, as had been prom- 
ised by Haggai. The country was pillaged in open day, and 
many Jews carried off into slavery by nightly surprises, while 
the corpses of murdered men were often found on the road " 
(Geikie). 

" Poverty, oppression, hardship, and disappointment had 
settled down on the little Jewish community, which now found 
itself far worse off financially than the captives at Babylon. 
They began to make alliances with the Gentiles, the leading 
families intermarrying with the heathen, till the land became 
defiled with the filthiness and abominations of idolatry. 
The religious home life was being destroyed. Laxity of 
morals, religious indifference, desecration of the Sabbath, 
moral ignorances, were in the ascendency; the spiritual de- 
clined and high ideals grew dim," Ezra 9: 1, 2, 11; Neh. 1:3; 
ch. 13 : 15-17. Such was the condition of things, seventy-eight 
(78) years after the first joyous return. 

Ezra, the Man for the Times 

Of priestly family, Ezra 7:1-6. 

Priest (Neh. 8:2; 1:9) and scribe (Neh. 8: 1), v. 11. "A 
ready scribe in the law of Moses," v. 6. 

The best among the exiled Jews, having no material basis 
for the national life, " clung all the more tenaciously to those 
spiritual possessions which alone gave the nation a title to 
existence." " Foreign culture and literary activity made 
their indelible impress on the Jews." 

The scribes copied the law, commented, recast, and wrote. 



126 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

They " saved the people from the worst of all possible calami- 
ties, from ignorance of its own past." They had not the altar, 
but they had the Book. " The work of welding the people 
into one compact whole was now being accomplished, steadily 
and surely, by the power of a book — the Book of the Law." 
" The men exalted the book, the book exalted the men " 
(Hunter's " After the Exile "). 

Ezra " is regarded as having much to do in collecting, 
arranging, and revising the Old Testament, and in bringing 
the knowledge of the Bible to the people. He grew up amid 
the culture and intense literary activities of Babylon. The 
literary activity of Greece was not far away. He made a 
lasting impression upon the Jewish nation. He gave the law 
an authority it never had before in Jewish history. His zeal 
was contagious " (Hastings' " Bible Dictionary "). " His 
work with that of Nehemiah was a turning-point in the history 
of Israel." " The Jewish church was firmly established." 

Ezra's Journey 

457. Ezra 7: 10: Ezra's mission, v. 6. Request. 

Key-thought. — According to the hand of the Lord his God 
upon him, 7: 6, 9; 8: 22, 31, 18. 

Vs. 14-19: Artaxerxes' (King of Persia, 465 B. C.) charge. 
(Note prominence given to God in this letter.) 

Vs. 20-24: Artaxerxes' generous provision. 

Vs. 25, 26: Artaxerxes confers great powers on Ezra. 

Vs. 27, 28: Ezra blesses God for his favor. " Men, 
money, and authority." Volunteers, v. 13; 8: 1-14. 

Ch. 8 : 15: Place of rendezvous. Ahava, probably one of 
the many canals running into the Euphrates, and not very far 
from Babylon on the north. 

Ch. 8: 16-20: Levites absent. Ministers furnished. 

Vs. 21-23: Seeks God's protection against the enemy in 
the way. " Fasting." " Prayer." " Afflict ourselves be- 
fore God." " Seek of Him a right way." " He was intreated 
of us." (Note the deeply religious spirit of Ezra.) 

Vs. 24-30: Twelve trustees and their charge. 



RESTORATION ERA — RETURN FROM CAPTIVITY 1 27 

Vs. 31, 32: The journey (500 miles): "He delivered us 
from the hand of the enemy and of such as lay in wait by the 
way." Prayer answered. 

Vs. 33, 34: Treasures delivered into the proper hands 
($1,500,000 in gold, light standard. Heavy standard, 
$4,000,000). 

V. 35 : Gratitude shown by burnt offerings. 

V. 36: Royal commission delivered, 7: 21-26. 

Ezra's Reforms 

Chs. 9, 10. Ch. 9: 1, 2: Report of the princes on mixed 
marriages. 

Vs. 3, 4: Ezra's grief — the assembly. 

Vs. 5-15: Ezra's prayer — confession of sin. God's mercy. 
Heinousness of repeated sin. (John 5: 14. Sin no more, 
lest a worse thing come upon you.) God righteous — " unable 
to stand before him because of this." 

Ch. 10:1: People wept very sore. 

Vs. 2-4: Shechaniah's response, v. 5. Covenant and 
oath, v. 6. Ezra mourns. 

Vs. 7-9: Scene in Jerusalem, vs. 10, 11. Ezra's brief 
address. 

Vs. 12-15: Action finally agreed on; Vs. 16, 17, carried out. 

Vs. 18-44: List of offenders (may be passed in reading). 

NEHEMIAH 

Last historical book of the Hebrew Scriptures; closes 
Old Testament canon. 

Nehemiah (" the Lord comforts ") (" compassion of Jeho- 
vah "). 

Key-thoughts. — Patriotism. Piety. Prayer. 

Birthplace. — Susa (Sushan), 80 miles east of the Tigris, 
one of the Persian capitals, a large city (extent of its ruins, 
where was a large Jewish community). 

His Early Life. — Tribe of Judah, Neh. 1:252:3. He 
belonged to the upper class of the community ; received educa- 
tion of Jew of that class; held an honorable place among his 



128 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

countrymen before he became attached to the Persian 
court. Nehemiah (5: 16-18) appears to have inherited great 
wealth. 

Office at the Court. — " Cupbearer," councillor, statesman, 
courtier, favorite. Not a political office, but one of great 
power and influence. 

Character. — A man of profound piety, connecting every- 
thing with the will of God. Efficient man of affairs. States- 
man — " A statesman seeks to do all he can for the people; 
a politician seeks to get all he can from the people." 

445. Nov.-Dec. — The Report from Judea, Neh. 1 : 1-3. 
Nehemiah's prayer (study well), Neh. 1:4-11. (Earnest, 
definite confession, claimed the promises, faith, kingdom of 
God first; duty doing, persevering.) 

444. April. Answer to prayer, Neh. 2 : 1-6. Letters — 
Commission, Neh. 2 : 6-9. 

444 to 433. Governor of Judea. 

July. Arrival in Jerusalem — four months' journey, Neh. 
2:9. Enemies, v. 10. Midnight tour of inspection, vs. 12- 
15. How the wall was built, 2 : 16; 3 : 32. Council of leaders. 
Reply to scorners. Forty-four working parties (including all 
classes, and each one built over against his house, " next to 
him "). Worked by families — a national affair. Used mate- 
rial at hand. " A mind to work rapidly," Neh. 4: 6. Nehe- 
miah's opportunity. Nehemiah — an inspiration. Bitter op- 
position; how Nehemiah met it, 4:4-20. Sneers, ridicule, 
2: 19; 4: 1-3, 7. (Sanballat, a Moabite chief, who seems to 
have been the Persian official at the head of the Samaritan 
province.) Prays, vs. 4, 5. Conspiracy, v. 8. Prays and 
sets a watch, 9: 13-23. Fears of Judah, vs. 10-12. Laborers 
armed. Military precepts. Selfish oppression of the poor 
by some of the richer Jews, Neh. 5. Treachery, " I am doing 
a great work," Neh. 6: 1-9. An appeal to fear, Neh. 6: 10-13. 
" I will not go in," v. 11. Prays, vs. 9, 14. 

444. Aug.-Sept. 25. The wall finished — 52 days, Neh. 
6: 15. Terror of the enemies, v. 16. Nobles of Judah — 
traitors, vs. 17-19. 

443. Oct. 1. The wall dedicated, 12:27-43. Guard for 



RESTORATION ERA — RETURN FROM CAPTIVITY 1 29 

the city, 7: 1-4. Register of genealogy, vs. 5, 6, 9. Gifts, vs. 

70-73- 

New movement — reforms. 

Ezra appears, 7: 73. Great Bible School. The law pub- 
licly read at a great assembly of the people, Neh. 8: 1-8. A 
joyous religious festival, Neh. 8:9-12. Law read to leaders 
on the second day, 8: 13-15. Feast of Tabernacles, prepara- 
tion for (third to fourteenth day) . Feast of Tabernacles kept 
(fifteenth to twenty-second day), 8: 16-18. Book of the law 
read daily, v. 18. 

444. Oct. 24. Solemn covenant of consecration (v. 38). 
Recitals of blessings. Confession of sin, Neh. 9: 1-38. 
Points of the covenant, Neh. 10: 1-39. 

Copies of the Bible were very scarce in those days. Written 
by hand, on expensive parchment. It is probable that Ezra 
had been spending much of his time in copying and editing 
the Book of the Law. " To Ezra is due the glory of pro- 
mulgating the law and making it pass into the life of the 
nation." 

" From this time onwards, no doubt, the public reading of 
the sacred books formed part of public worship." " In every- 
thing but national independence they were as much a nation 
as ever." 

" The books of Ezra and Nehemiah show us that the task 
before these leaders was to consolidate the restored community 
on the basis of the old covenant, and to provide safeguards 
for the national preservation of the religion against internal 
corruption and heathen contamination." 

Measures to bring sufficient population to reside within the 
city, Neh. ch. 11. Completed walls dedicated by a solemn 
procession, Neh. 12:27-43. Priests and Levites appointed 
for the temple, vs. 44-47. Israel separated from the strangers, 
13: 1-3. The Ammonite and the Moabite, vs. 2, 3. 

433- Nehemiah called to Persian court, ch. 13:6. 

Before 425. Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem, ch. 13:7. 
Abuses had crept in, the high priest, a glaring culprit, 13: 4-9. 
Failed in supporting Levites, vs. 10-14. Enforces the Sab- 
bath, vs. 5-22. Cleanses the Jews from all strangers, vs. 23- 
9 



130 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

31. " Remember me, O my God, etc., 13: 22. " Remember 
me, Omy God for good," Heb. 6: 10, 13: 31. Is this seeming 
self -consciousness a touch of weakness? 

Book of Nehemiah. — A story of the soul's renewal. Each 
chapter : 

First. — Conviction — confession of sin. 

Second. — Determination to rebuild with God's grace. 

Third. — Rebuilding of soul's defenses in sanctification. 

Fourth. — Attacks on soul from without. 

Fifth. — Assaults from within. 

Sixth. — Sly temptations of adversary. 

Seventh. — Success, spiritual work, godliness. 

Eighth.— Study of Word. 

Ninth. — Christian's faith, confessing weakness. 

Tenth. — Covenant relation emphasized. 

Eleventh. — Systematizing in godly life. 

Twelfth. — Thankful acknowledgment of God in everything. 

Thirteenth. — Sad fall of Christian — need of renewed in- 
fluence of the Spirit. 

Note. — Nehemiah remains governor till he is a very old man 
(Jos. Ant. 1 1, v. 8), and attends to many matters of enrollment 
and administration and reform (Neh. 11:3-13:31). 

BOOK OF MALACHI 

" The Swan Song of Prophecy " (Dr. Maclaren). 

Malachi — " My Messenger," or " Messenger of the Lord," 
Mai. 3: 1. 

Time of Malachi's Prophesying. — During Nehemiah's ab- 
sence in Persia, in the years after he left Judea (between his 
first and second visit there), B. C. 433-425, and after his re- 
turn. 

The last prophet of the Old Testament, and therefore is 
called " the seal " of the prophets. His prophecies form the 
closing book of the canon of the Old Testament. Contem- 
porary with Nehemiah, the last of the historians. The last 
chapter of the Old Testament history, and the last chapter of 
Old Testament prophecy coincide. 



RESTORATION ERA — RETURN FROM CAPTIVITY 131 

The People and the Times. — The abuses which Nehemiah 
labored to check had broken out afresh, and the mixed mar- 
riages and profanity of the priests had become conspicuous, 
Neh. 13: 10, 23. Evils. The little remnant, Mai. 3: 16, 17. 

Style. — A reasoner. Conversational catechetical form. 
" Swift thrust and parry of questions and answer, and at last 
the final stroke dealt with deadly effect." " Ye say " in 
twelve passages; " Wherein " flippantly three times. 

Key-thought. — God's last word to Israel before the advent 
of the Redeemer, promises of better times, ch. 3:4, 11, 12, 16, 
17; 4: 1, 6. " They promise an era, or epoch, the beginning 
of which came to them." The last word in Old Testament 
" curse," but a curse avoided. 

Contents. — God's special love for Israel, ch. 1:2-5. They 
had dishonored the Majesty of Divine Fatherhood, 1 : 6-14. 
Chief blame rested on the priests, who are contrasted with the 
ideal Levi of old, 2 : 1-9. The people have also violated 
God's ordinances, and contracted mixed marriages, 2: 10-16. 
Have murmured against the Lord wrongly and been impatient 
for his interposition, v. 7. His messenger is about to prepare 
his way. 

The Lord himself shall suddenly come to his temple, 3:1. 

For judgment, 3: 2-6, 13-18; 4: 1-3. When they give God 
his due and return to him, they shall receive his blessing, 
3:7-12. "Remember the law of Moses," now revived by 
Ezra and Nehemiah, and look forward to the advent of Elijah 
before the great and dreadful day of the Lord, 4: 4-6. The 
last prophet of the Old Dispensation closes with the promise 
of the Forerunner of the New. 

Kingdom of the" Messiah. — Prophecies. — John the Baptist — 
Messenger of the Covenant, 3:1. Prophet Elijah, 4: 5, 6 
(Mark 1:2; Luke 1: 76; 7: 27; Matt. 11 : 14; 17: 10-13). 

Other New Testament References. — Approach of the Day 
of the Lord, Mai. 4: 1-3 ; Matt. 3:12. Love of God for Jacob 
over Esau, 1:2, 3; Rom. 9: 13. 

Old Testament Ends (Malachi). Showing the utter failure 
of Judaism and the need of Christ. Pointing forward to the 
Messiah as the only hope. 



PERIOD BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW 
TESTAMENTS 

MALACHI TO MATTHEW 

" If there was any period, as Calvin has said, when God 
might seem to have been asleep in the heavens, it was during 
the period that elapsed between the close of the Babylonish 
exile and the advent of Christ " (Lyman Abbott). 

Key-thought. — " God amid the shadows, keeping watch 
above His own." 

Rise and fall of successive world-powers, in the unfolding 
of Providence, Dan'l 2: 31-45; 7: 1-8, 15-27; ch. 11. 
Dominions. — 

" Silver," 2: 32, Persia B. C. 538-333, ch. 11 : 2. 
"Brass," 2: 32, 39, Greece B. C. 333-167, ch. 11, 3, 4, 5-29. 
Alexander the Great, B. C. 333-323. 
Alexander's successors, 323-167. 
Asmoneans' revolt, Mattathias, B. C. 168. 
Maccabees lead Jews to revolt, B. C. 167-63. 
" Iron," 2: 33, 40, Rome, B. C. 63-4. 
538 to 333. Persia. — " Under Persian rule the Jews enjoyed 
a considerable degree of liberty, and were preeminent for their 
loyalty and good faith. While Egypt, Phoenicia, Cyprus, and 
others were often rebellious and difficult to suppress, the Jews 
remained steadfast in their allegiance, and increased rapidly 
in wealth and population, forming part of a province under a 
satrap in Syria." 

Form of Government. — " A settled form, the center of which 
was Jerusalem. The chief administrative power was the 
Tirshatha (Zerubbabel), assisted by a Council of elders and 
priests, under whom considerable literary activity was in- 
augurated. The study of the law became the work of an 
independent class of Biblical scholars, who were the real 

(132) 



PERIOD BETWEEN OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS 1 33 

teachers of the people, and exercised complete sway of their 
spiritual life — a process fully completed in New Testament 
times " (scribes). 

The Great Synagogue. — Out of the " Council " rose a still 
more powerful court, the members of which were known as 
" the men of the Great Synagogue." This body of elders, 
which lasted about 150 years, and is said to have numbered 
120, expired B. C. 291. The "tradition of the elders" 
referred to by our Lord, and in the Sermon on the Mount, the 
words, "it was said to them of old time" (Matt. 5:21), 
very possibly allude to the successors of " the men of the 
Great Synagogue." The influence of this court was main- 
tained by the synagogues which Ezra and Nehemiah had set 
up in country towns — as places of Sabbath worship, schools of 
instruction, and theological discussion during the week. 

Advance. — The supremacy of Persia was marked by the 
growth, among the Jews, of organization, order, and ritual. 

333 to 167. Greece. — The Persian Empire, to which the 
Jews had so long been faithful, crumbled to pieces before the 
armies of Alexander the Great. 

Conquests. — Alexander the Great, B. C. 333-323. 

334. At the Granicus. 

333. Issus, Damascus, Sidon. 

332. Laid siege to Troy. 

331. Visits Jerusalem. To punish the people for refusing 
to transfer their allegiance from the Persians to himself. 
Story of Jaddua, the High Priest (Josephus). Jerusalem was 
not only spared, but the Jews there and throughout Palestine 
received from the Conqueror peculiar privileges, which they 
continued to enjoy under his successors. 

332. Egypt subdued. Built the new capital, Alexandria 
(named in his honor). He invited a great number of Jews to 
settle there, and granted them many privileges and immuni- 
ties. 

330. Overthrew the Persian king, Darius, in the plains 
of Arbela, Syria. 

323. Died, before he consolidated his empire. 

His career was not that of a great ruler and statesman, but 



134 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

rather of a general and soldier. The acquisition of universal 
dominion was the master-passion of his soul. 

Importance of Conquests. — They broke down the barriers 
separating one kingdom from another, especially those be- 
tween the Asiatic and European States. 

I. Men learned to understand each other's thoughts. 
II. Greek literature and intelligence spread over the Bast. 

III. The Greek language became almost universal. 

323-167. Alexander's successors. Leagues and conflicts, 
Dan'l 11: 5-29. 

320. The empire divided among his generals. Antigonus, 
Asia. Seleucus, Babylon, and bordering nations. Dysimachus, 
the Hellespont. Ptolemeus, Egypt. This final partition was 
made after the battle of Ipsus. Ptolemeus (Egypt). Seleu- 
cidae (Syria). 

Ptolemy Soter annexes Palestine to Egypt. Ten thou- 
sand Jews deported to Egypt. Equal privileges with the 
Greeks granted them. 

314. Antigonus annexes Palestine to Syria. 

301. Antigonus lost his life at the battle of Ipsus. Pales- 
tine reverted to the Ptolemies, and became a kind of neutral 
territory between the rival empires of Syria and Egypt. 

198. Antiochus the Great captures Jerusalem. Granted 
the Jews many privileges and secured to them religious liberty. 
Transplanted colonies of Jews from Babylon to Asia Minor, 
assigning them land and exempting them from tribute. 

190. Invaded Europe. Defeated at Magnesia in Asia by 
Rome. Obliged to send twenty hostages to Rome, including 
his son, and pay an enormous tribute. 

187. Murdered. 

175 to 164. Antiochus Epiphanes. Passed fifteen years 
of his life as a hostage in Rome. 

170. Took Jerusalem by storm. People slain and sold into 
slavery. Profaned the temple. " Abomination of desola- 
tion," Dan'l 11:31. An idol altar set up on the altar of burnt- 
offering and the daily sacrifice was " taken away." " Every 
kind of torture was used to compel the Jews to renounce the 
religion of their fathers." The outrages induced the revolt 



PERIOD BETWEEN OlyD AND NEW TESTAMENTS 1 35 

of the Maccabees. He died shortly after receiving news of 
the Jewish revolt. 

Condition of the Jews under the Ptolemies. — They were peace- 
ful and happy; they enjoyed many privileges; they were al- 
lowed to build synagogues in all their settlements and thus 
spread them and their religion over all the countries subject 
to Egyptian sway. 

The Greek Language. — " The Gospel was meant for all 
nations, and consequently required a universal language. 
Such a language Greece nursed and gave to the world " 
(Abbott). 

Where the armies of Alexander had marched, there they 
brought and left the knowledge of their majestic speech. 
So Greece unconsciously did its part in bringing about God's 
will. The Greek language gradually became the language of 
" the Jews of the Dispersion." They derived from this the 
name of Hellenists (Grecians, or Greek-speaking Jews), and 
became a connecting link between Judaism and heathenism. 

284 to 247. The Septuagint. Hence arose the want of a 
Greek version of the Old Testament, which Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus (son of Soter) is said to have caused to be made for 
the large library which he had founded at Alexandria. 

Alexandria exercised a greater influence on Judaism in its 
relation to other nations than even Jerusalem itself, being the 
point of contact between eastern and western thought. 

Two Centers of Judaism. — I. Jerusalem. The gradually 
decaying Jerusalem, the headquarters of Judaism, the home 
of the Pharisee, whose ritual was that of Moses, and whose 
sacred and only literature was the Hebrew Scriptures and com- 
mentaries thereon. 

II. Alexandria, the capital of the Hellenist, who fostered 
an alliance between Jewish revelation and Greek philosophy. 
" The Alexandrian Jews were famous for their literary culture 
and for their corruption of the simple faith of their fathers, and 
were looked down upon by their brethren of Palestine, with 
contempt not altogether undeserved " (Abbott). 

Judaism became divided into two great parties — Pharisees, 
extreme of Hebraism; Sadducees; ultra-development of 



136 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

Hellenism. Even after the Roman conquest the influences of 
the Greek language, culture, and philosophy remained para- 
mount and influenced the Jewish religion itself. 

The Struggle for Independence. — The reign of Antiochus Epi- 
phanes was a great crisis in the history of the Jews. The Jew- 
ish nationality narrowly escaped absorption at that time, 
and both in Egypt and in Palestine received Hellenic 
impression. 

The time was now come when an outward struggle alone 
could decide whether Judaism should degenerate into a ration- 
alized Paganism, or rise from the conflict more rigorous and 
more pure. The determination of Antiochus to stamp out 
Judaism provoked the struggle, which now began. 

167. Asmoneans' revolt. Mattathias, an aged priest, the 
father of five heroic sons. This noble-minded family raised 
the Jews from their prostrate misery to a height of power 
which recalled the splendor even of the reign of David. 
Mattathias led the revolt, and fled to the mountains, followed 
by those who were zealous for the faith of Israel. He raised the 
standard of liberty, marched round the cities of Judah, and 
again reestablished the true worship of God in all places where 
he prevailed. Died B. C. 166. 

166 to 163. Maccabees lead Jews to revolt. 

166 to 161. His son Judas, surnamed Maccabeus, the 
" Hammer." 

First Military Leader. — He proved himself a terrible scourge 
to the Idumeans, Syrians, Arabs, and other heathen nations 
until slain in battle, 161 B. C. 

Jerusalem was retaken; the temple purified; the daily sacri- 
fice restored, and the Feast of Dedication (John 10: 22) in- 
stituted, to be kept annually, to celebrate this restoration. 

160 to 143. Jonathan (a younger brother of Judas), high 
priest; attained considerable success. The Syrians, being 
occupied with civil war, the favor of the Jews was sued for. 
He made a treaty with the Romans, and also with the Spar- 
tans. Treacherously slain by Tryphon, a Syrian usurper. 

143 to 136. Simon (brother of Jonathan). 

142. Captured the fortress of Zion from the Syrians. 



PERIOD BETWEEN OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS 137 

Secured Jewish independence from Syrian king, Demetrius II. 
Gained the active support of Rome for the Jews. Coins were 
struck bearing the name of Simon. Contracts were dated 
" in the first year of Simon, high priest and governor." He 
and his two sons, Judas and Mattathias, were murdered at a 
banquet, in Dok, near Jericho, by his son-in-law, Ptolemy, 
governor of Jericho. 

135 to 106. John Hyrcanus (the only son of Simon, who 
escaped) succeeded to the pontificate and government of 
Judea. 

130. Maintained his independence of the Syrian yoke. 
Enlarged his borders, conquered Samaria, destroyed the 
temple on Mt. Gerizim. Conquered the Idumeans (Edo- 
mites), and compelled them to embrace the Jewish faith. 
Renewed the league with the Romans, which had been made 
by his father (Simon), by which he obtained greater privileges 
and advantages than the nation ever enjoyed before. Gov- 
erned Judea, Samaria, and Galilee for two years. Died a 
natural death B. C. 106. 

102 to 101. Aristobulus, eldest son, succeeded to the priest- 
hood and sovereignty. 

Assumed kingly power. The first, after the return from the 
captivity of Babylon, to put on the crown and assume the 
title of king. A cruel and unprincipled man. Reigned one 
year. After this period the Asmonean house suffered a com- 
plete moral collapse, and gradually declined in power, retaining 
none of the faith or moral purity of their ancestors. 

" After the great Maccabean revolt the ancient boundaries 
were gradually in great measure restored, and the kingdom of 
the Asmonean priest-princes extended along the sea-board 
from the brook of Egypt to Mt. Carmel and the border of 
Phoenicia; while across the Jordan it included the regions of 
ancient Bashan and Gilead, down to Heshbon and Medeba. 
The Idumeans, the inveterate enemies of Israel, were effec- 
tually held in check. Almost the whole of the dominion was 
reconquered, over which Israel had ruled in the best days of its 
earthly power " (Ewald). 

101 to 75. Alexander Janneus (brother of Aristobulus). 



138 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

The country torn by the dissensions of the Sadducees and 
Pharisees. A troubled reign of twenty-seven years. 

74 to 66. Alexandra (his widow). Governed the nation 
with much prudence. 

66 to 63. Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, her sons. They con- 
tended with each other for the sovereignty. Their disputes 
and jealousy paved the way for the intervention of the Romans. 
Rome at first upheld Aristobulus, later deposed him and 
carried him to Rome. 

63. Pompey subjugates Judea; took Jerusalem; seats 
Hyrcanus in the government, though he would not permit him 
to wear the diadem. Made Judea tributary to the Romans. 
Entered the Holy of Holies, after which he never prospered. 

Rome, Dan'l 2: 33, 40; 7: 7, 23. 

The chief city of ancient Italy, and eventually of the 
world, the origin of which is lost in the mists of antiquity. 
Traditional founding is B. C. 753 by Romulus. 

200. Became a conquering nation. Made war on Macedon. 

190. First contact with Asia. The Roman army defeated 
Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, at Magnesia. Assumed 
protectorate over certain cities in Asia Minor. 

171 to 168. Last Macedonian war. Victory over Perseus, 
at Pydna. The Macedonian kingdom ends; the relics while 
the Roman was rising survived in the Ptolemies of Egypt and 
the kings of Syria. 

146. Greece became a Roman province. 

63. Pompey converts Syria into a Roman province. 
Judea formally subject to Rome; required to pay tribute, but 
was left for a time under native rulers. 

47. Antipater, noble but crafty. Idumean appointed 
procurator of Judea under Hyrcanus, high priest. Herod 
made governor of Judea. 

44. Assassination of Caesar. 

43. Death of Antipater. 

40. Hyrcanus banished. Antigonus, the last of the 
Asmonean priestly line, succeeds. 

40. Roman empire began. Octavian had himself pro- 
claimed Emperor, with the title of Augustus. 



PERIOD BETWEEN OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS 1 39 

40. Herod appointed king of Judea by decree of the Roman 
Senate. 

37. Kerod takes possession, capturing Jerusalem. Anti- 
gonus carried prisoner to Rome. 

19. Herod begins to rebuild the temple. 

5. Advent of Christ. 

The Divine (Messianic) purpose through Rome. 

The External Conditions. — I. A common government. The 
final conquest of the world by Rome, under Augustus, had 
brought all the world under one law and government. (The 
Emperor Augustus Caesar was, perhaps, in most respects, the 
greatest and most generous of his line.) 

(a) This centralization of the world under the Roman 
Empire held together the heterogeneous nations for the 
proclamation of the Gospel. 

(b) The means of traveling (roads) were furnished by the 
Roman armies. 

(c) Roman law threw its shield over the missionaries. (It 
was the policy of Rome to tolerate the religion of her con- 
quered peoples.) 

II. A general peace. 

III. A common language. 

IV. The descendants of the twelve tribes occupied the whole 
of the ancient territory under a consolidated government. 

The Internal Conditions. — I. General corruption. The social 
and civil conditions under the Roman empire was one of 
degeneracy and rapidly developing decay. 

(Rome, at the summit of its power, extended its sway over 
the larger portion of the then known world. Its successes 
had wrought deep and disastrous corruptions in its great 
cities, but the period of the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ 
was outwardly that of its greatest brilliancy. Wealth abun- 
dant, arts, letters, and commerce nourished as never before.) 

II. A universal sense of need. 

(a) Human religions had failed. Greek and Roman 
had lost faith in their gods. 

(&) Philosophy and human law failed. Philosophers were 
universally skeptics. 



140 TEACHER-TRAINING STUDIES 

These world-empires had failed to secure human welfare, 
hence the longing for " the kingdom that shall never be 
destroyed," " and it shall stand forever," Dan'l 2 : 44. " Thou 
sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which 
smote the image," Dan'l 2:34, "became a great mountain 
and filled the whole earth," v. 35. Mankind longed for 
the " Desire of all Nations," Haggai 2:7. 

The Messianic expectation of the Jews during these bitter 
years of subjection to other nations had become intense. 
It was the universal expectation that the Messiah would 
immediately appear to deliver his chosen people. 



APPENDIX 



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APPENDIX 



143 



JEREMIAH ARRANGED FOR HISTORICAL STUDY 
(By permission of Dr. W. W. White.) 



I. Portions be- 
longing to the 
reign of Jo- 
siah. 



Chapters 



The call and the commission of Jeremiah. 



The substance of_ Jeremiah's message during 
the reign of Josiah. 



II. Portions be- 
longing to the 
reign of Jeho- 
iakim. ; 



Fourth 

Year 

Messages 



26 



1-13 

14- 
27 

1-13 
14- 



1-38 



The arrest and trial of Jeremiah for preaching 
in the temple court. 

The message of Jeremiah for which he was 
arrested. 

Jeremiah as an intercessor. 

The prophet remaining unmarried. 

Various messages of warning. 

The potter's house visited, and the lesson. 
The potter's vessel broken and the lesson. 

Jeremiah smitten by Pashhur the priest. 

Wine offered by Jeremiah to the Rechabites. 
The roll cut and burned by Jehoiakim. 
The message of Jeremiah to Baruch, his 
secretary. 

Prophecies against Judah and the nations. 

The linen girdle and its message. 

The kings and the false prophets arraigned. 



III. Portions be- 
longing to the 
reign of Zede- 
kiah. 



24 
27 
27 

28 
29 
50 
5i 
30 
3i 
32 
33 
21 

34 
37 
38 
39. 



17 



Cf. 52 J 



The vision of the baskets of figs. 
The symbolic yokes and bands. 

The conflict with false prophets in Judasa. 

The conflict with false prophets in Babylon. 

The message about Babylon. 

"The book of consolation," including the ac- 
count of the purchase of the field. 



The last days and the capture of Jerusalem. 



IV. Portions be- 
longing to 
post-captivity 
times. 



40 

41 
42 
43 
44 



Jeremiah and the remnant in Judasa. 
Jeremiah and the remnant in Egypt. 



144 



APPENDIX 



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